← 4.4
Act 4, Scene 5 — Elsinore. A room in the Castle.
on stage: —
Next: 4.6 →
Original
Faithful Conversational Text-message
The argument Ophelia, mad, enters the Danish court singing fragments of ballads about faithless lovers and dead fathers. Laertes returns from France in fury. Claudius has to hold him back while managing Ophelia's grief. This is one of the most heartbreaking scenes in all of Shakespeare.
Enter Queen, Horatio and a Gentleman.
QUEEN [Gertrude cold, refusing to be troubled]

I will not speak with her.

I will not see her.

I'm not going to talk to her.

no

GENTLEMAN ≋ verse [Gentleman urging the Queen to see her]

She is importunate, indeed distract.

Her mood will needs be pitied.

She keeps insisting, and she's clearly in emotional distress. Her mental state deserves pity.

She won't stop asking, and she's really messed up right now. We should feel bad for her.

shes desperate and hurting needs compassion

QUEEN [Gertrude: asking what Ophelia wants]

What would she have?

What does she want?

What is she after?

idk what shes asking for

GENTLEMAN ≋ verse [Gentleman describing Ophelia's fractured state]

She speaks much of her father; says she hears

There’s tricks i’ th’ world, and hems, and beats her heart,

Spurns enviously at straws, speaks things in doubt,

That carry but half sense. Her speech is nothing,

Yet the unshaped use of it doth move

The hearers to collection; they aim at it,

And botch the words up fit to their own thoughts,

Which, as her winks, and nods, and gestures yield them,

Indeed would make one think there might be thought,

Though nothing sure, yet much unhappily.

’Twere good she were spoken with, for she may strew

Dangerous conjectures in ill-breeding minds.

She speaks much of her father; says there are tricks in the world, and sighs heavily, beats her heart, is angry at small things, speaks things with doubt, things that make only half sense. Her speech is almost nothing, yet the broken way she uses it moves the listeners to try to understand; they aim at what she means and piece together words that fit their own thoughts. Her hints, nods, and gestures support this, and indeed would make one think there might be meaning in what she says, though nothing certain, yet much sadly. It would be good to speak with her, because she might plant dangerous ideas in bad minds.

She keeps talking about her father and saying there are tricks in the world. She's sighing and hitting her chest, getting angry at nothing, saying things that don't quite make sense. Her actual words don't add up to anything, but the confused way she's using them makes people try really hard to understand what she's getting at. They try to guess what she means and fit words to their own ideas. Her little hints and nods and hand movements seem to support whatever they're thinking, so people kind of think there might be real meaning there, though nobody's sure, and it's all pretty depressing. Someone should probably talk to her because she might be putting dangerous ideas in people's heads.

she talks about her father says there's tricks in the world speaks confusedly people try to find meaning she could spread dangerous ideas

QUEEN [Gertrude: horrified]

Let her come in.

Allow her to enter.

Let her in.

ok bring her

[_Exit Gentleman._]
QUEEN ≋ verse [Gertrude's guilt-ridden aside, alone]

To my sick soul, as sin’s true nature is,

Each toy seems prologue to some great amiss.

So full of artless jealousy is guilt,

It spills itself in fearing to be spilt.

To my sick mind, every small thing seems like the beginning of something terrible. Guilt is so full of foolish worry that it spills itself just by being afraid of being exposed.

When I'm guilty and anxious, everything small seems dangerous. Guilt just destroys itself because it's so terrified of being found out.

guilt makes everything seem bad it destroys itself from fear

Enter Ophelia.
OPHELIA [Ophelia: royal, formal but strained]

Where is the beauteous Majesty of Denmark?

Where is the beautiful Queen of Denmark?

Where's the gorgeous Queen of Denmark?

where is the queen

QUEEN [Gertrude: trying to engage]

How now, Ophelia?

Ophelia, what's wrong?

Ophelia? What is it?

ophelia

[_Sings._]
OPHELIA ≋ verse [Ophelia: singing a ballad about pilgrims]

How should I your true love know

From another one?

By his cockle hat and staff

And his sandal shoon.

How do you know your true love from anyone else? By his pilgrim's hat and staff and his sandals.

How do you tell your true love from anyone else? By his pilgrim's outfit, his hat and his shoes.

how do you know your true love from anyone else

QUEEN [Gertrude: alarmed]

Alas, sweet lady, what imports this song?

Oh, sweetheart, what does this song mean?

What are you singing about?

what song is this

OPHELIA [Ophelia: insistent, not quite here]

Say you? Nay, pray you mark.

Did you hear that? No, please listen carefully.

Are you listening? Pay attention.

listen up

[_Sings._]
OPHELIA ≋ verse [Ophelia singing of death, lost in grief]

He is dead and gone, lady,

He is dead and gone,

At his head a grass green turf,

At his heels a stone.

He is dead and gone, lady, He is dead and gone, At his head green grass covers the earth, At his heels lies a stone.

He's dead and gone, lady, He's dead and gone, Green grass at his head, A stone at his feet.

hes dead and gone grass at his head stone at his feet

QUEEN [Gertrude: desperate]

Nay, but Ophelia—

But Ophelia—

Ophelia—

ophelia

OPHELIA [Ophelia: insistent still]

Pray you mark.

Listen.

Listen.

listen

[_Sings._]
OPHELIA [Ophelia adrift, still singing the dirge]

White his shroud as the mountain snow.

White as mountain snow is his burial shroud.

His burial cloth is white as snow on a mountain.

his shroud white as snow

Enter King.
QUEEN [Gertrude: calling Claudius to witness]

Alas, look here, my lord!

Oh, look, my lord!

My lord, look at her!

look at her

[_Sings._]
OPHELIA ≋ verse [Ophelia: singing, still in the ballad—about a grave without proper flowers]

Larded all with sweet flowers;

Which bewept to the grave did not go

With true-love showers.

Covered in sweet flowers, which no true-love tears watered at the grave.

Covered with flowers. But no one cried for him. No true tears.

covered in flowers but no one wept no true tears

KING [Claudius: formal, trying to be kind]

How do you, pretty lady?

How are you, my lady?

How are you feeling?

how are you

OPHELIA [Ophelia: fragmented, prophetic, dark]

Well, God dild you! They say the owl was a baker’s daughter. Lord, we

know what we are, but know not what we may be. God be at your table!

God reward you. There's an old story about an owl that was a baker's daughter. We know what we are, but we don't know what we might become. God bless your table.

God bless you. They say an owl used to be a baker's daughter. We know who we are now. But we don't know who we'll become. God be with you.

we know what we are but we don't know what we might be God bless

KING [Claudius: to Gertrude, diagnosing]

Conceit upon her father.

Her obsessive thoughts are focused on her father.

She's fixated on her father.

shes thinking about her dad

OPHELIA [Ophelia: trying to give instruction in her madness]

Pray you, let’s have no words of this; but when they ask you what it

means, say you this:

Please, don't talk about it. But when they ask you what it means, tell them this:

Don't say anything. But when they ask what it means, tell them this:

don't talk about this just tell them

[_Sings._]
OPHELIA ≋ verse [Ophelia singing a bawdy ballad, unaware]

Tomorrow is Saint Valentine’s day,

All in the morning betime,

And I a maid at your window,

To be your Valentine.

Then up he rose and donn’d his clothes,

And dupp’d the chamber door,

Let in the maid, that out a maid

Never departed more.

Tomorrow is Saint Valentine's day, Early in the morning, And I, an unmarried woman, stood at your window, Hoping to be your Valentine. Then he got up and put on his clothes, And opened the bedroom door, Let in the girl, but she left as no longer a virgin Never to depart that way again.

Tomorrow is Valentine's Day, Early in the morning, I was an unmarried girl at your window, Hoping you'd be my Valentine. Then he got up and dressed, And opened the bedroom door, Let the girl in, and she came out no longer a virgin Never to be a virgin again.

tomorrow is valentines day i was at ur window hoping to be ur valentine u opened the door i lost my virginity

KING [Claudius: gentle]

Pretty Ophelia!

Pretty Ophelia.

Ophelia.

ophelia

OPHELIA [Ophelia: a fragment—making an end, saying goodbye]

Indeed la, without an oath, I’ll make an end on’t.

Yes, I'll end it now without an oath.

I'll end it now.

i'll end it

[_Sings._]
OPHELIA ≋ verse [Ophelia singing of seduction and betrayal]

By Gis and by Saint Charity,

Alack, and fie for shame!

Young men will do’t if they come to’t;

By Cock, they are to blame.

Quoth she, before you tumbled me,

You promis’d me to wed.

So would I ha’ done, by yonder sun,

An thou hadst not come to my bed.

By God and by Saint Charity, Oh, how shameful! Young men will do it if they get the chance, By God, they're to blame. She said to him, before you slept with me, You promised me you'd marry me. I would have done the same by that sun, If you hadn't come to my bed.

By God and by all that's holy, How shameful! Young men will sleep with women if they can, By God, it's their fault. She told him, before you slept with me, You said you'd marry me. I would have done it too, I swear, If you hadn't come to my bed.

by god how shameful guys will do it if they can its their fault u promised wed marry i would have if u didnt come to bed

KING [Claudius asking how long her madness has lasted]

How long hath she been thus?

How long has she been like this?

How long has she been this way?

how long has this been going on

OPHELIA [Ophelia: fractured, grieving, losing herself]

I hope all will be well. We must be patient. But I cannot choose but

weep, to think they would lay him i’ th’ cold ground. My brother shall

know of it. And so I thank you for your good counsel. Come, my coach!

Good night, ladies; good night, sweet ladies; good night, good night.

I hope everything will be all right. We must be patient. But I can't help crying, thinking about him in the cold ground. My brother will know about it. Thank you for your advice. Come, my carriage! Good night, ladies. Good night, sweet ladies. Good night, good night.

Everything will be all right. We have to wait. But I keep thinking about him in that cold ground. My brother will find out. Thank you for everything. I need my carriage. Good night. Good night, everyone. Good night.

he's in the cold ground i can't stop crying my brother will know good night good night goodbye

[_Exit._]
KING [Claudius: command, with concern]

Follow her close; give her good watch, I pray you.

Follow her closely. Watch her carefully, I beg you.

Follow her. Keep a close eye on her.

watch her follow her

[_Exit Horatio._]
KING ≋ verse [Claudius anxious, cataloguing mounting crises]

O, this is the poison of deep grief; it springs

All from her father’s death. O Gertrude, Gertrude,

When sorrows come, they come not single spies,

But in battalions. First, her father slain;

Next, your son gone; and he most violent author

Of his own just remove; the people muddied,

Thick, and unwholesome in their thoughts and whispers

For good Polonius’ death; and we have done but greenly

In hugger-mugger to inter him. Poor Ophelia

Divided from herself and her fair judgement,

Without the which we are pictures or mere beasts.

Last, and as much containing as all these,

Her brother is in secret come from France,

Feeds on his wonder, keeps himself in clouds,

And wants not buzzers to infect his ear

With pestilent speeches of his father’s death,

Wherein necessity, of matter beggar’d,

Will nothing stick our person to arraign

In ear and ear. O my dear Gertrude, this,

Like to a murdering piece, in many places

Gives me superfluous death.

Oh, this is the poison of deep grief; it comes from her father's death. Oh Gertrude, Gertrude, When sorrows come, they come not one at a time, but all together like an army. First, her father is killed. Next, your son is gone, and he is the one who caused this tragedy himself. The people are confused and disturbed in their thoughts and whispers about good Polonius's death, and we have acted foolishly by burying him in secret. Poor Ophelia is torn from her own mind and good judgment, without which we are just pictures or animals. Last, and as serious as all of these things, her brother has secretly come from France, feeds his mind with thoughts of revenge, hides himself away, and there are people spreading poisonous words about his father's death. When facts are scarce, they will not hesitate to blame us directly for his death, whispering in everyone's ears. Oh my dear Gertrude, this, like a gun firing in many places, gives me repeated wounds to my soul.

This is what deep grief does—it poisons everything. It all comes from her father dying. Oh Gertrude, when troubles come, they don't come one by one. They come in waves. First her father gets killed. Then your son leaves, and he's the one responsible for this whole disaster. The people are confused and upset about Polonius dying, and we made it worse by sneaking around to bury him. Poor Ophelia has lost her mind and her judgment—without those, we're just animals. And now her brother is secretly back from France, thinking about revenge, hiding from everyone. There are people whispering poison in his ear about his father, blaming us for it since they don't have real facts. Gertrude, this is tearing me apart in a thousand ways.

grief is poison her father is dead her brother came back seeking revenge people are spreading lies about us im being destroyed from every direction

[_A noise within._]
QUEEN [Gertrude: startled]

Alack, what noise is this?

Goodness, what is that commotion?

What's all that noise?

whats that noise

KING [Claudius: alarmed, calling guards]

Where are my Switzers? Let them guard the door.

Where are my Swiss guards? Let them guard the doors.

Where are my guards? Seal the doors.

guards lock the doors

Enter a Gentleman.
KING [Claudius demanding to know the threat]

What is the matter?

What is happening?

What's going on?

whats happening

GENTLEMAN ≋ verse [Gentleman: urgent warning, Laertes leading a mob]

Save yourself, my lord.

The ocean, overpeering of his list,

Eats not the flats with more impetuous haste

Than young Laertes, in a riotous head,

O’erbears your offices. The rabble call him lord,

And, as the world were now but to begin,

Antiquity forgot, custom not known,

The ratifiers and props of every word,

They cry ‘Choose we! Laertes shall be king!’

Caps, hands, and tongues applaud it to the clouds,

‘Laertes shall be king, Laertes king.’

Save yourself, my lord. Young Laertes is charging toward you like the ocean sweeping everything away. The crowd follows him as if the world just began and they've forgotten everything about law and order. They're chanting 'Let's choose a king! Let Laertes be king!' Cheering, clapping, shouting it to the sky.

Run, my lord. Laertes is storming in like a tidal wave. The people are following him like he's the only thing that matters. Everyone's yelling 'Laertes for king! Choose Laertes!'

laertes is coming with a mob shouting his name for king

QUEEN ≋ verse [Gertrude: bitter, watching the crowd turn]

How cheerfully on the false trail they cry.

O, this is counter, you false Danish dogs.

How eagerly they follow the false trail! You treacherous Danish dogs.

Look how fast they turn on us. Traitors, all of you.

traitors all of you turning

[_A noise within._]
KING [Claudius: seeing the crisis]

The doors are broke.

The doors are broken.

They've broken through.

they're in

Enter Laertes, armed; Danes following.
LAERTES ≋ verse [Laertes: commanding his men, furious]

Where is this king?—Sirs, stand you all without.

Danes.

No, let’s come in.

Where is the king? Everyone, wait outside. No—come in with me.

Where is he? Stand back—wait, come with me.

where is the king follow me

LAERTES [Laertes: sending followers away]

I pray you, give me leave.

Let me go alone, I ask you.

Let me go alone.

let me go

DANES [Danes: obeying]

We will, we will.

Yes, we will do as you request.

Yeah, we'll do it.

ok we will

[_They retire without the door._]
LAERTES ≋ verse [Laertes: rage and demand]

I thank you. Keep the door. O thou vile king,

Give me my father.

I thank you. Guard the door. You vile king—give me my father.

Guard the door. You—give me my father back.

give me my father right now

QUEEN [Gertrude: pleading for calm]

Calmly, good Laertes.

Be calm, Laertes.

Laertes, please—calm down.

please be calm

LAERTES ≋ verse [Laertes: if I'm calm, I'm not his son—this is about honor and madness]

That drop of blood that’s calm proclaims me bastard;

Cries cuckold to my father, brands the harlot

Even here between the chaste unsmirched brow

Of my true mother.

If my blood stays calm, it means I'm a bastard, not his son. It calls my father a cuckold and brands my mother a whore right here, in front of everyone.

If I stay calm, I'm not his son. I'm calling him a cuckold and my mother a whore.

i'm not calm i'm not his son if i don't rage

KING ≋ verse [Claudius: the power gambit—appealing to Laertes's reason while asserting his invincibility]

What is the cause, Laertes,

That thy rebellion looks so giant-like?—

Let him go, Gertrude. Do not fear our person.

There’s such divinity doth hedge a king,

That treason can but peep to what it would,

Acts little of his will.—Tell me, Laertes,

Why thou art thus incens’d.—Let him go, Gertrude:—

Speak, man.

What's wrong, Laertes? Why are you so angry? Let him go, Gertrude. Don't be afraid. A king has such divine protection that treason can only look at what it wants to do—it cannot act. Tell me, Laertes—why are you so enraged? Let him go, Gertrude. Speak, Laertes.

Laertes, why are you so furious? Let go of him, Gertrude—I'm not afraid. God has protected kings. Treason can only dream about what it wants—it can't actually do anything. Laertes, tell me what's wrong.

i'm protected there's divinity in a king treason can only watch it cannot act

LAERTES [Laertes: one question]

Where is my father?

Tell me where I can find my father.

Where is he?

tell me where dad is

KING [Claudius: the word itself—simple, cold]

Dead.

Dead.

Dead.

dead

QUEEN [Gertrude: a clarification for Laertes—not by us]

But not by him.

But not at his hands.

But he didn't do it.

not his fault

KING [Claudius: deliberately generous, drawing Laertes in]

Let him demand his fill.

Let him ask whatever he wants.

Ask what you will.

ask whatever you want

LAERTES ≋ verse [Laertes: oath-swearing, burning all bridges, pure vengeance]

How came he dead? I’ll not be juggled with.

To hell, allegiance! Vows, to the blackest devil!

Conscience and grace, to the profoundest pit!

I dare damnation. To this point I stand,

That both the worlds, I give to negligence,

Let come what comes; only I’ll be reveng’d

Most throughly for my father.

How did he die? I won't be fooled. I curse all loyalty. I break my vows. Conscience, grace—I consign them to hell. I don't care what damnation costs. I swear this: I give up both this world and the next. Whatever comes, comes. I only want one thing: complete revenge for my father.

How did he die? Don't lie to me. I don't care about loyalty or vows anymore. Conscience—forget it. Grace—gone. I'll do anything. I give everything up. All I want is to kill whoever did this.

i curse everything loyal or vows or conscience all of it gone i want revenge that's all

KING [Claudius: rhetorical—no one could stop you]

Who shall stay you?

Who could possibly stop you?

What could stop you?

nothing can stop u

LAERTES ≋ verse [Laertes: his will is his own]

My will, not all the world.

And for my means, I’ll husband them so well,

They shall go far with little.

Only my own will. And I'll use my resources so carefully that little goes a long way.

My own judgment. And I'll make my money stretch.

only me my will my way

KING ≋ verse [Claudius: the trap begins—agreeing to help, while asking about Laertes's justice]

Good Laertes,

If you desire to know the certainty

Of your dear father’s death, is’t writ in your revenge

That, sweepstake, you will draw both friend and foe,

Winner and loser?

Good Laertes—if you want to know exactly how your father died, should your revenge just sweep everyone away without asking who's guilty? Friend or foe?

Laertes, if you want to know the truth about your father—wouldn't you want to know who actually did it before you kill everyone?

don't you want to know who really did it before you kill

LAERTES [Laertes: only enemies]

None but his enemies.

Only his enemies.

Only the guilty.

only them

KING [Claudius: closing in]

Will you know them then?

Will you let me tell you who they are?

Let me show you who.

let me tell you

LAERTES ≋ verse [Laertes: at peak honor and sympathy]

To his good friends thus wide I’ll ope my arms;

And, like the kind life-rendering pelican,

Repast them with my blood.

To my father's true friends, I'll open my arms wide like a pelican, and feed them with my own blood.

I'll hold his friends close like a pelican nourishing its young with its own blood.

i'll hold them close i'll give everything

KING ≋ verse [Claudius: the manipulation now complete—establishing himself as innocent and grieving]

Why, now you speak

Like a good child and a true gentleman.

That I am guiltless of your father’s death,

And am most sensibly in grief for it,

It shall as level to your judgement ’pear

As day does to your eye.

Now you sound like a true son and a gentleman. I'm innocent of your father's death, and I grieve sincerely for it. You'll see this as clearly as you see daylight.

Now you sound like a good man. I had nothing to do with your father's death. You'll see I'm telling the truth.

i'm innocent i grieve with you you'll see

DANES [the crowd's voice demanding entry]

[_Within._] Let her come in.

Allow her to enter.

Let her through.

let her in

LAERTES [Laertes: hearing something]

How now! What noise is that?

What's that noise?

What was that?

what's that

Re-enter Ophelia, fantastically dressed with straws and flowers.
LAERTES ≋ verse [Laertes anguished, seeing Ophelia mad]

O heat, dry up my brains. Tears seven times salt,

Burn out the sense and virtue of mine eye.

By heaven, thy madness shall be paid by weight,

Till our scale turn the beam. O rose of May!

Dear maid, kind sister, sweet Ophelia!

O heavens, is’t possible a young maid’s wits

Should be as mortal as an old man’s life?

Nature is fine in love, and where ’tis fine,

It sends some precious instance of itself

After the thing it loves.

Oh, burn out my brains. Let me cry tears so salt-filled They burn away my sense of sight. By heaven, I will pay back your madness with pain, Until my side weighs more than yours. Oh rose of May! Dear sister, sweet Ophelia! Oh heavens, is it possible a young girl's mind Could die as completely as an old man's life? When love is refined and pure, it sends Some precious part of itself with the thing it loves.

Oh, I want to cry so hard my brain burns out. Let my tears be so salt-filled they blind me with pain. By heaven, I'm going to make you pay for what you did to her, over and over until the weight of punishment breaks you. Oh my sweet sister, oh Ophelia! How is it possible that a young girl's mind could break as completely as if she died? Love is such a pure and delicate thing that when it cares about someone, it sends a precious part of itself along with that person.

i wanna cry so hard i go blind im gonna destroy u for this you broke my sister love is so delicate it dies when the person it loves dies

[_Sings._]
OPHELIA ≋ verse [Ophelia: funeral song, grief made beautiful and terrible]

They bore him barefac’d on the bier,

Hey non nonny, nonny, hey nonny

And on his grave rain’d many a tear.—

Fare you well, my dove!

They carried him to the grave without a coffin, hey nonny nonny, and rain fell on his grave like tears. Goodbye, my love.

They carried him bare to the grave, hey nonny nonny, and tears fell on his grave. Goodbye, my dove.

they carried him bare rains fell tears fell goodbye

LAERTES ≋ verse [Laertes: if she were sane, this would move him more]

Hadst thou thy wits, and didst persuade revenge,

It could not move thus.

If you were in your right mind and had encouraged revenge yourself, it couldn't move me as this does.

If you were sane and actually asked for revenge, it still wouldn't hit me like this.

even if u asked 4 revenge this breaks me more

OPHELIA [Ophelia: fragments, the ballad continues]

You must sing ‘Down a-down, and you call him a-down-a.’ O, how the

wheel becomes it! It is the false steward that stole his master’s

daughter.

You must sing 'Down, down,' and how the wheel fits the song! It's about a steward who stole his master's daughter.

Sing down, down—it fits the wheel so well. It's about the steward who stole his master's daughter.

sing down down the steward stole the daughter

LAERTES [Laertes: this nonsense is more meaningful than reality]

This nothing’s more than matter.

This nonsense means more than sense.

This madness means everything.

this madness means more than reason

OPHELIA [Ophelia: distributing flowers—rosemary and pansies]

There’s rosemary, that’s for remembrance; pray love, remember. And

there is pansies, that’s for thoughts.

Here's rosemary—that's the flower for remembrance. Please, love, remember him. And here are pansies—those are for thinking about someone.

This is rosemary for memory. Love, remember him. And pansies for remembering.

rosemary = remember pansies = remember him

Why it matters The flower distribution is not random. Rosemary (remembrance) and pansies (thoughts/panser = to think) go to Laertes — she is asking her brother to remember their father and to think carefully. What follows is equally precise: fennel (flattery) and columbines (ingratitude or cuckolding) for Claudius; rue (sorrow and repentance) for Gertrude, with the pointed note that they 'wear it with a difference.' Every assignment is a judgment.
LAERTES [Laertes: her madness speaks in symbols]

A document in madness, thoughts and remembrance fitted.

Even in madness, she speaks wisdom—thoughts and remembrance fit together like a perfect message.

Even in her madness, she's perfect—thoughts and memory together.

even mad she's perfect thoughts and memory

OPHELIA [Ophelia: continuing the flower ritual—rue, fennel, columbines, violets]

There’s fennel for you, and columbines. There’s rue for you; and here’s

some for me. We may call it herb of grace o’ Sundays. O you must wear

your rue with a difference. There’s a daisy. I would give you some

violets, but they wither’d all when my father died. They say he made a

good end.

Fennel for you, and columbines. Rue for you, and here's some for me. We call it the herb of grace. You have to wear your rue differently than I do. Here's a daisy. I would give you violets, but they all died when my father died. They say he had a good death.

Fennel and columbines for you. Rue—here's some for me too. That's the herb of grace. Your rue is different from mine. I'd give you violets, but they died when he did. They said he died well.

fennel rue violets all dead like him he had a good death

[_Sings._]
OPHELIA [Ophelia drifting into a fond, broken refrain]

For bonny sweet Robin is all my joy.

For sweet Robin is everything to me.

Because handsome Robin is my whole world.

robins everything 2 me

LAERTES ≋ verse [Laertes: marveling at madness turning sorrow into grace]

Thought and affliction, passion, hell itself

She turns to favour and to prettiness.

Her pain and madness, even hell itself, she transforms into beauty and grace.

She turns all her pain and madness into something beautiful.

she turns pain into beauty madness into grace

[_Sings._]
OPHELIA ≋ verse [Ophelia: the final ballad—he won't come again, he's dead, farewell]

And will he not come again?

And will he not come again?

No, no, he is dead,

Go to thy death-bed,

He never will come again.

His beard was as white as snow,

All flaxen was his poll.

He is gone, he is gone,

And we cast away moan.

God ha’ mercy on his soul.

And of all Christian souls, I pray God. God b’ wi’ ye.

Will he never come again? And will he never come again? No, he's dead. Go to your grave. He'll never come back. His beard was white as snow, his head was completely gray. He's gone, he's gone. We've lost him. God have mercy on his soul. I pray God's mercy on all Christian souls. God bless you.

Will he come back? No, he's dead. Go to your grave. He won't come back. His beard was white as snow. He's gone. We've lost him. God have mercy on his soul and on all of us. Goodbye.

will he come back no he's dead gone gone god have mercy goodbye

Why it matters This final song strips away all displacement. The first songs were about Hamlet; this one is purely about Polonius. The question 'will he not come again' — asked twice, answered with 'no, no' — is the simplest expression of grief in the play. Shakespeare gives Ophelia no soliloquy. This song is her soliloquy.
[_Exit._]
LAERTES [Laertes: to heaven—seeing this horror]

Do you see this, O God?

Can you see what's happening, God?

God, are you seeing this?

god r u seeing this

KING ≋ verse [Claudius: the masterful manipulation—offering total justice and submission]

Laertes, I must commune with your grief,

Or you deny me right. Go but apart,

Make choice of whom your wisest friends you will,

And they shall hear and judge ’twixt you and me.

If by direct or by collateral hand

They find us touch’d, we will our kingdom give,

Our crown, our life, and all that we call ours

To you in satisfaction; but if not,

Be you content to lend your patience to us,

And we shall jointly labour with your soul

To give it due content.

Laertes, I must hear your grief, or you deny me the right. Choose your wisest friends to judge between us. If they find I had any hand in this—direct or indirect—I'll give you my kingdom, my crown, my life, everything I have. But if not, be patient with me, and we'll work together to give your grief what it deserves.

Laertes, I need to answer for this. Pick your wisest friends to decide between us. If I had anything to do with your father's death, take everything—my kingdom, my crown, my life. But if I didn't, help me grieve with you.

if i'm guilty take everything my crown my kingdom my life if not justice will come

Why it matters This speech is Claudius at his most technically brilliant. Laertes came in ready to commit regicide. By the end of this speech, Laertes has agreed to an 'investigation' that Claudius controls. The offer of 'kingdom, crown, life' sounds magnanimous — but Claudius knows exactly what the investigation will find. He is not offering transparency; he is offering the appearance of transparency.
🎭 Dramatic irony Claudius offers Laertes a full investigation and bets his crown on his innocence — knowing he is innocent of this specific killing. He did not kill Polonius. But he did kill Laertes's king, Laertes's mother's first husband, Laertes's kingdom's true master. The offer is technically safe and morally catastrophic.
LAERTES ≋ verse [Laertes: demanding answers about Polonius's burial]

Let this be so;

His means of death, his obscure burial,—

No trophy, sword, nor hatchment o’er his bones,

No noble rite, nor formal ostentation,—

Cry to be heard, as ’twere from heaven to earth,

That I must call’t in question.

All right. But his death is mysterious, and his burial was secret—no honor, no sword, no ceremony, nothing. His bones cry out for justice, as if from heaven to earth. I have to demand answers.

Fine. But his death is hidden, and his burial was shameful—no ceremony, no honor. That demands an answer.

his death no ceremony no honor that demands an answer

KING ≋ verse [Claudius: the conclusion—justice will come]

So you shall.

And where th’offence is let the great axe fall.

I pray you go with me.

It will be so. And wherever the crime is, the axe of justice will fall. I ask you to come with me.

Yes, you'll get answers. Whoever did it will pay. Come with me.

whoever did it will pay come w me

[_Exeunt._]

The Reckoning

Ophelia's madness is not performed — it is genuine, and it is worse than Hamlet's calculated behavior because it is total. She cannot speak to what has happened to her: her father is dead at the hands of the man she loved, and she is entirely alone in a court that would rather she not exist. So she sings. The songs are not random — they are precisely chosen, and every one of them means something specific. The bawdy song about a maid who gave herself to her lover and was abandoned: this is about Hamlet. The song about a father mourned inadequately: this is about Polonius. She distributes flowers whose meanings are as precise as words, and the court cannot respond because they don't know what to do with a grief that won't be managed. Then Laertes bursts in, all military fury, and is destroyed the moment he sees his sister. Claudius is masterful in this scene — he talks Laertes down with practiced sympathy, invites him to investigate the matter properly, and thereby co-opts him before Laertes can make any independent moves. The villain is at his most effective here. And Ophelia, who is not villainous but simply ruined, is the casualty that drives the mechanism.

If this happened today…

A young woman's father has been killed and her boyfriend institutionalized. She shows up to the family firm's board meeting and hands out flowers to each board member — different ones to different people — while singing fragments of songs about betrayal and loss. No one can stop her because no one knows what she is actually saying. Her brother storms in, ready to sue everyone. The CEO defuses him, invites him to a 'proper investigation,' and turns the brother's anger toward the same target the CEO needs eliminated. The young woman exits into the garden.

Continue to 4.6 →