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Act 2, Scene 1 — The King of Navarre’s park. A pavilion and tents at a distance
on stage: —
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The argument The Princess of France arrives in Navarre, is refused entry due to the King's oath, negotiates the Aquitaine debt in the park, and leaves with each lord having already fallen half in love.
Enter the Princess of France, with three attending Ladies: Rosaline,
Maria, Katharine and three Lords: Boyet, and two others.
First appearance
BOYET

He speaks in a slightly elevated register compared to everyone else — he's a courtier professionally and performs the role even in private. Watch for how he mediates between the two groups while always sliding slightly in favor of whichever woman he's nearest.

BOYET ≋ verse [courtly urging laced with flattery]

Now, madam, summon up your dearest spirits.

Consider who the King your father sends,

To whom he sends, and what’s his embassy.

Yourself, held precious in the world’s esteem,

To parley with the sole inheritor

Of all perfections that a man may owe,

Matchless Navarre; the plea of no less weight

Than Aquitaine, a dowry for a queen.

Be now as prodigal of all dear grace

As Nature was in making graces dear

When she did starve the general world beside

And prodigally gave them all to you.

Now, madam, gather your courage and composure. Consider who the King, your father, sends, To whom he sends, and what his message is. You yourself, held precious by the world, To meet with the sole inheritor Of all the perfection a man can possess, Matchless Navarre; a settlement of weight No less than Aquitaine, a dowry for a queen. Be now as generous with all your grace As Nature was in creating such grace When she impoverished all the rest of the world And lavishly gave all her gifts to you.

Alright madam, pull yourself together here. Think about who your father sent, who he's sending to, and what message he's giving. You're considered valuable by everyone in the world, and you're about to meet the only guy who has all the qualities you could want in a man—Navarre. He's offering Aquitaine as your dowry, which is huge. Pretty much act like you're loaded with charm the way nature was when she created charm—she basically left nothing for anyone else and gave it all to you.

get ready to meet navarre he's got everything no one else comes close don't hold back on being charming

"sole inheritor / Of all perfections that a man may owe" 'Owe' here means 'own' — possessing, not indebted. Boyet is calling the King the sole owner of all possible perfections.
"Aquitaine, a dowry for a queen" Aquitaine was a wealthy French duchy — the actual political substance of this embassy. The Princess's father claims a debt involving it. This is not just romantic backdrop; it's the real diplomatic mission.
First appearance
PRINCESS

She speaks with the precision of someone who has been underestimated her whole life and has learned to preempt it — her first speech strips Boyet's flattery bare before he's finished. Watch for how she redirects every compliment back into business.

PRINCESS ≋ verse [deflecting flattery with sharp wit]

Good Lord Boyet, my beauty, though but mean,

Needs not the painted flourish of your praise.

Beauty is bought by judgement of the eye,

Not uttered by base sale of chapmen’s tongues.

I am less proud to hear you tell my worth

Than you much willing to be counted wise

In spending your wit in the praise of mine.

But now to task the tasker: good Boyet,

You are not ignorant, all-telling fame

Doth noise abroad Navarre hath made a vow,

Till painful study shall outwear three years,

No woman may approach his silent court.

Therefore to’s seemeth it a needful course,

Before we enter his forbidden gates,

To know his pleasure; and in that behalf,

Bold of your worthiness, we single you

As our best-moving fair solicitor.

Tell him the daughter of the King of France,

On serious business craving quick dispatch,

Importunes personal conference with his Grace.

Haste, signify so much, while we attend,

Like humble-visaged suitors, his high will.

Good Lord Boyet, my beauty, though modest, Needs not the ornamental praise you offer. Beauty is judged by what the eye perceives, Not proclaimed by the cheap speech of merchants. I am less proud to hear you praise my worth Than you are eager to be thought clever In using your wit to praise me. But now I turn the tables: good Boyet, You are not unaware that widespread reports Announce that Navarre has sworn an oath: Until difficult study wears out three years, No woman may enter his silent court. Therefore it seems a necessary course, Before we enter his forbidden gates, To discover his pleasure and intention; And trusting your excellence and good faith, we choose you As our best advocate and representative. Tell him the daughter of the King of France, With serious business requiring quick action, Asks for a personal meeting with his Grace. Go quickly, convey this, while we remain here, Like humble suitors, awaiting his decision.

Look, Boyet, my beauty isn't anything special, and I don't need you piling on compliments to make me feel better. Beauty is something people see with their eyes, not something you sell with flowery words. I'm not really impressed by you talking about how great I am—I'm more interested in the fact that you're clearly trying to sound clever by doing it. But let me ask you something important: you know Navarre took an oath, right? He's sworn to study for three years without letting any women near his court. So before we even get to his gates, we need to find out what he's actually planning. Since you're good at this stuff, we want you to be our spokesperson. Tell him the French King's daughter needs to meet with him right away about serious business. Go tell him that while we wait out here like we're begging for his attention.

go tell navarre we need to talk serious business send him a message from the king's daughter

"painted flourish of your praise" 'Painted' had a pejorative sense — artificial, surface-deep. The Princess is saying flattery is cosmetic, not genuine.
"not uttered by base sale of chapmen's tongues" A 'chapman' was a traveling merchant or hawker who sold goods with extravagant verbal advertisement. The Princess is calling Boyet's compliments cheap salesmanship.
"Bold of your worthiness, we single you / As our best-moving fair solicitor" 'Moving' means persuasive; 'solicitor' means advocate or go-between. The Princess is appointing Boyet their diplomatic spokesperson — a specific court function.
Why it matters The Princess's opening speech establishes her as the sharpest intelligence in the play — she deflects Boyet's flattery, articulates the political situation, and issues instructions, all in one continuous thought. From her first breath she is in command.
BOYET [gladly accepting his errand]

Proud of employment, willingly I go.

Proud of the task, I willingly go.

I'm honored to do this, I'll go right away.

happy to go

PRINCESS [wryly teasing his vanity]

All pride is willing pride, and yours is so.

All pride that comes willingly is yours in nature.

Yeah, and your pride is exactly the willing kind.

and you've got plenty of it

[_Exit Boyet._]
PRINCESS ≋ verse [curious, fishing for court gossip]

Who are the votaries, my loving lords,

That are vow-fellows with this virtuous Duke?

Who are the devoted oath-takers, my lords, who swore vows alongside this virtuous Duke?

Who are these people who made the same oath as the Duke?

who swore with the duke?

LORD [plainly supplying the name]

Lord Longaville is one.

Lord Longaville is one of them.

One of the guys is Lord Longaville.

longaville's one of them

PRINCESS [probing Maria for more]

Know you the man?

Do you know this man?

You know who he is?

you know him?

First appearance
MARIA

The quietest of the three ladies, but she catalogues Longaville's flaws with the precision of someone who has done her research. Watch for how she uses description as a form of gentle warning.

MARIA ≋ verse [fondly recalling him, with reservations]

I know him, madam. At a marriage feast

Between Lord Perigort and the beauteous heir

Of Jaques Falconbridge, solemnized

In Normandy, saw I this Longaville.

A man of sovereign parts, he is esteemed,

Well fitted in arts, glorious in arms.

Nothing becomes him ill that he would well.

The only soil of his fair virtue’s gloss,

If virtue’s gloss will stain with any soil,

Is a sharp wit matched with too blunt a will,

Whose edge hath power to cut, whose will still wills

It should none spare that come within his power.

I know him, madam. At a marriage celebration Between Lord Perigort and the beautiful heir Of Jacques Falconbridge, solemnized In Normandy, I saw this Longaville. A man of outstanding talents, he is esteemed, Well educated in the arts, glorious in arms. Nothing makes him look bad when he does well. The only flaw in his fine virtue's shine, If virtue's shine can be stained at all, Is a sharp wit paired with too stubborn a will, Whose sharpness can cut, whose will still wishes It should spare no one who comes within his power.

Yeah, I know him. I saw him at a wedding in Normandy for Lord Perigort marrying the daughter of Jacques Falconbridge. He's really talented and respected—good with books and weapons both. He's pretty much good at whatever he tries. The only problem with him, if you can even call it that, is he's got a quick tongue but he's too stubborn. His wit is razor-sharp and he'll use it to hurt anyone he can get at.

i saw him at a wedding super talented guy but his wit is mean and he's stubborn

"A man of sovereign parts" 'Sovereign' parts means qualities that are supreme or of the highest order — not merely good but dominant.
"a sharp wit matched with too blunt a will" Maria's analysis is precise: Longaville's intelligence is cutting (sharp), but his willingness to use it is unsubtle (blunt). He will say the clever thing even when he shouldn't.
PRINCESS [teasingly guessing at his flaw]

Some merry mocking lord, belike. Is’t so?

So he is probably some playful mocking lord, is he?

So he's like this funny guy who makes fun of people?

so he's a mocker?

MARIA [confirming with knowing amusement]

They say so most that most his humours know.

Those who know his character best say so mostly.

Yeah, that's what people say who actually know him.

those who know him best say yes

PRINCESS ≋ verse [dismissing him, moving briskly on]

Such short-lived wits do wither as they grow.

Who are the rest?

Such quick-witted people wither as they grow. Who are the other men?

People like that burn out pretty fast when they get older. Who are the rest of these guys?

quick wits burn out who else is there?

First appearance
KATHARINE

She gives Dumaine the most generous description of any of the lords but shuts Boyet down with perfect economy. Watch for how her warmth and her firmness coexist without contradiction.

KATHARINE ≋ verse [glowing with admiring praise]

The young Dumaine, a well-accomplished youth,

Of all that virtue love for virtue loved;

Most power to do most harm, least knowing ill,

For he hath wit to make an ill shape good,

And shape to win grace though he had no wit.

I saw him at the Duke Alençon’s once;

And much too little of that good I saw

Is my report to his great worthiness.

The young Dumaine, a well-accomplished youth, Of all that virtue loves for its own sake; Most ability to do the most damage, least knowing evil, Because he has wit enough to make a poor appearance look good, And appearance enough to gain favor though he had no wit. I saw him once at the Duke Alençon's; And much too little of that goodness I saw Is what I could say about his great worth.

Dumaine is this young guy who's really well put together, loves virtue for its own sake. He's got the ability to hurt people but doesn't know evil very well. He's clever enough to make himself look good even if his appearance wasn't great, and his looks are good enough that he'd be fine even without being clever. I saw him at the Duke Alençon's place once. Honestly, everything good I saw in him is too little to say about how great he actually is.

dumaine's the young talented one smart and good-looking really virtuous too

"Of all that virtue love for virtue loved" A compressed Renaissance formula: 'loved for all the things that people who love virtue love' — loved for virtue itself, not for worldly advantages.
"Most power to do most harm, least knowing ill" A sharp observation: the most capable people can do the most damage precisely because they don't know how easily their gifts can be misapplied.
First appearance
ROSALINE

Her wit is faster even than Berowne's — she uses his own moves against him and ends exchanges before he can. Watch for how she phrases every line so it can mean exactly what it says and exactly the opposite.

ROSALINE ≋ verse [delighted recalling his quick wit]

Another of these students at that time

Was there with him, if I have heard a truth.

Berowne they call him, but a merrier man,

Within the limit of becoming mirth,

I never spent an hour’s talk withal.

His eye begets occasion for his wit,

For every object that the one doth catch

The other turns to a mirth-moving jest,

Which his fair tongue, conceit’s expositor,

Delivers in such apt and gracious words

That aged ears play truant at his tales,

And younger hearings are quite ravished,

So sweet and voluble is his discourse.

There was another of these scholars studying at that time Who was there with him, if what I have heard is true. Berowne they call him, but a more entertaining man, Within the bounds of proper cheer, I never spent an hour's conversation with. His eye creates opportunities for his wit, Because every object that his eye catches, His mind turns into a laugh-producing joke, Which his fair tongue, wisdom's interpreter, Delivers in such fitting and graceful words That old people abandon all discipline to hear his stories, And younger ears are completely enchanted, Because his speech is so sweet and flowing.

Then there's Berowne, another one of those guys studying with them. From what I've heard, he's the funniest person I've ever spent time with—and I mean genuinely funny, nothing crude. His eye sees things and his brain immediately makes jokes out of them. Whatever he looks at, his mind turns it into something hilarious, and his tongue delivers it in such beautiful, smooth language that even old people get drawn in and forget themselves listening to him. Younger people are totally captivated because the way he talks is just so good.

berowne's hilarious super charming everyone loves listening to him

"His eye begets occasion for his wit" A beautiful description of how Berowne works: his eye catches something, and that catches generates material. He is reactive wit, not prepared wit — observation, not performance.
"conceit's expositor" 'Conceit' here means 'fancy' or 'wit' — a clever thought. His tongue is the 'expositor' (explainer, presenter) of his mental conceits.
Why it matters Rosaline's description of Berowne is one of the most precise character analyses in the play — and the fact that she volunteers it, unsolicited, when asked about the others, tells the audience everything they need to know about where her heart already is.
🎭 Dramatic irony Rosaline's description of Berowne — offered without prompting when asked about 'the others' — will look very different on a second read. She is already in love, and hasn't told herself yet.
PRINCESS ≋ verse [amused, teasing them about love]

God bless my ladies! Are they all in love,

That every one her own hath garnished

With such bedecking ornaments of praise?

God protect my ladies! Are they all in love, That each of them has decorated Herself with such impressive compliments of praise?

Come on! Are all you ladies in love? Because you're all gushing about these guys with praise like you've never seen anything.

are you all in love? you're praising them way too much

LORD [simply announcing his arrival]

Here comes Boyet.

Here comes Boyet.

Here comes Boyet.

here comes boyet

Enter Boyet.
PRINCESS [briskly asking for news]

Now, what admittance, lord?

Now, what is his answer, lord?

So what did he say?

so what's his answer?

BOYET ≋ verse [wryly reporting the King's evasion]

Navarre had notice of your fair approach,

And he and his competitors in oath

Were all addressed to meet you, gentle lady,

Before I came. Marry, thus much I have learned:

He rather means to lodge you in the field,

Like one that comes here to besiege his court,

Than seek a dispensation for his oath,

To let you enter his unpeopled house.

Navarre received news of your beautiful approach, And he and his oath-bound companions Were all ready to meet you, gentle lady, Before I arrived. However, here is what I learned: He plans to lodge you in the fields, Like someone who comes here to besiege his court, Rather than seek an exception to his oath, To allow you to enter his empty house.

Navarre heard you were coming and he and his friends were all set to meet you before I even got there. But here's the thing: he's planning to put you up outside in the fields instead of letting you into his house. It's like he's treating you like an enemy army laying siege to his place rather than finding a way around his oath.

navarre's keeping you outside in the fields not letting you in his house says his oath won't allow it

"his competitors in oath" 'Competitors' here means 'partners' or 'companions' — those who share the oath with him. An unusual usage — the competitive element is still present as they race each other in virtue.
"Like one that comes here to besiege his court" The King's framing of his own hospitality as defense against a siege is an inadvertent admission that the Princess is powerful — a military metaphor that will echo through the play.
Enter King of Navarre, Longaville, Dumaine, Berowne and Attendants.
BOYET [alerting them to his approach]

Here comes Navarre.

Here comes the King of Navarre.

Here comes Navarre.

navarre's here

KING [offering a courtly but hollow welcome]

Fair Princess, welcome to the court of Navarre.

Beautiful Princess, welcome to the court of Navarre.

Welcome to Navarre, your Highness.

welcome to navarre

PRINCESS [sharply rebuking his empty welcome]

“Fair” I give you back again, and “welcome” I have not yet. The roof of

this court is too high to be yours, and welcome to the wide fields too

base to be mine.

The word "fair" I give back to you, and "welcome" I have not yet received. The roof of this court is too high to be yours to offer, and the open fields too low to be mine.

I'll give you "fair" right back, but I'm not accepting "welcome" yet. This building is too grand for you to own, and camping outside is too basic for me.

keep your welcome the fields are beneath me

"The roof of this court is too high to be yours" They are standing outside — the 'roof' is the sky, which the King obviously doesn't own. A perfectly targeted put-down: he has offered a welcome in a place he cannot welcome her to.
Why it matters This is the Princess at her most precise — she disassembles the King's greeting word by word before he's even finished speaking. It's the defining moment of how these women will outmaneuver these men for the rest of the play.
KING [insisting, slightly flustered]

You shall be welcome, madam, to my court.

You will be welcome, madam, in my court.

I promise you'll be welcome in my palace.

you will be welcome

PRINCESS [pressing her advantage, imperious]

I will be welcome then. Conduct me thither.

Then I will accept your welcome. Lead me inside.

Then I accept. Take me in.

then let's go

KING [anxiously backpedaling on his welcome]

Hear me, dear lady. I have sworn an oath.

Listen to me, dear lady. I have sworn an oath.

Wait, hear me out. I made an oath.

i made an oath

PRINCESS [mock pity, mischievously baiting him]

Our Lady help my lord! He’ll be forsworn.

May Our Lady help my lord! He will break his oath.

Oh God, he's going to break his promise.

he's gonna break it

"Our Lady help my lord! He'll be forsworn" The Princess immediately predicts the King will break his oath — which is true, though not in the way she expects. Her prediction is correct and delivered as a joke.
🎭 Dramatic irony The Princess jokes 'He'll be forsworn' — and she is exactly right, though the mechanism (his falling in love with her) is one she cannot yet suspect.
KING [earnestly defending his intentions]

Not for the world, fair madam, by my will.

Not at all, beautiful madam, I assure you by my will.

No way, I'm not breaking it. I swear.

no i won't

PRINCESS [sharply seizing on his own word]

Why, will shall break it; will, and nothing else.

But your will would break it; will, and nothing else.

Your willingness is exactly what would break it—your will is the only thing keeping you out right now.

your will's the problem

"will shall break it; will, and nothing else" A pun on 'will' as both willpower and desire — the King says he won't break his oath 'by my will,' meaning deliberately; the Princess says his will (desire) is exactly what will break it. Precise and prescient.
KING [defensively, a touch condescending]

Your ladyship is ignorant what it is.

Your Highness does not understand what this oath means.

You don't get what my oath actually is.

you don't get it

PRINCESS ≋ verse [cutting rebuke, then composing herself]

Were my lord so, his ignorance were wise,

Where now his knowledge must prove ignorance.

I hear your Grace hath sworn out housekeeping.

’Tis deadly sin to keep that oath, my lord,

And sin to break it.

But pardon me, I am too sudden bold.

To teach a teacher ill beseemeth me.

Vouchsafe to read the purpose of my coming,

And suddenly resolve me in my suit.

If my lord understood the situation as I do, his ignorance would be wisdom, But as it stands, his knowledge is actually ignorance. I understand you have sworn to avoid household life. It is mortal sin to keep that oath, my lord, And sin to break it. But forgive me, I speak too boldly. A student correcting a teacher is unbecoming. Please consider the purpose of my coming, And give me an answer quickly to my request.

If you understood things the way I do, not knowing would actually be smart. But right now, what you think you know is backwards. I hear you've sworn to lock yourself away from the world, which sounds virtuous. But keeping that oath is actually wrong, and breaking it is also wrong. Look, I'm sorry, I shouldn't be telling you this stuff. A student doesn't correct a teacher. Just read the message from my father about why I'm here and tell me what you think.

you've sworn the wrong thing keeping it is wrong breaking it is wrong just hear my request

"sworn out housekeeping" To 'swear out housekeeping' means to oath yourself away from the duties of hospitality — in the Renaissance, welcoming guests was a sacred obligation of rank. The King has effectively broken the code of lordship.
"Vouchsafe to read the purpose of my coming" 'Vouchsafe' means 'please deign to' — it's a polite but pointed formula. The Princess presents her official letter, turning a social confrontation into a diplomatic one.
[_She gives him a paper._]
KING [cautiously hedging his assent]

Madam, I will, if suddenly I may.

Madam, I will hear you, if you will state it quickly.

I'll listen, but make it fast.

ok tell me fast

PRINCESS ≋ verse [pointedly needling the King's broken vow]

You will the sooner that I were away,

For you’ll prove perjured if you make me stay.

You will want me to leave all the sooner, Because you will break your oath if you let me stay.

You'll want me gone quickly anyway, because if you let me stay you'll have broken your promise.

you want me gone cuz letting me stay breaks your oath

[_The King reads the paper._]
BEROWNE [flirtatiously testing an old memory]

[_To Rosaline_.] Did not I dance with you in Brabant once?

Didn't we dance together once in Brabant?

Didn't we dance together before, in Brabant?

didnt we dance in brabant once?

ROSALINE [teasingly turning his question back on him]

Did not I dance with you in Brabant once?

Did we not dance together in Brabant once?

Didn't we dance together in Brabant once?

we danced in brabant

BEROWNE [confidently playing along]

I know you did.

I remember we did.

Yeah, we did.

yep

ROSALINE ≋ verse [teasingly catching him out]

How needless was it then

To ask the question!

What a waste of time that question was, When you already knew the answer!

Then why'd you just ask me? That was stupid.

why ask then? stupid

BEROWNE [mock-scolding her sharp tongue]

You must not be so quick.

You should not respond so sharply.

Don't be so mean about it.

be nicer

ROSALINE [playfully deflecting the blame]

’Tis long of you that spur me with such questions.

It is your fault that you provoke me with such questions.

You're the one who keeps asking annoying questions.

ur questions provoke me

BEROWNE [teasingly warning her wit will tire]

Your wit’s too hot, it speeds too fast, ’twill tire.

Your mind is too sharp; it moves too fast; it will exhaust itself.

Your wit is too intense. It's running too hot and it'll burn out.

your wit's too hot it'll burn out

ROSALINE [confidently topping his metaphor]

Not till it leave the rider in the mire.

Not until it abandons the rider in the mud.

Not until it throws me off into the dirt.

not till i crash

BEROWNE [changing tack, playfully evasive]

What time o’ day?

What time of day is it?

What time is it?

what time?

ROSALINE [landing a sharp jab]

The hour that fools should ask.

The hour that stupid people should ask about.

The time when only an idiot would ask.

fool's hour

BEROWNE [a gallant, slightly stung compliment]

Now fair befall your mask.

May good fortune bless your mask.

Hope your mask looks good.

nice mask

"fair befall your mask" Noble and gentlewoman often wore masks outdoors to protect their complexion. Berowne is wishing Rosaline's mask well — a tiny, slightly ironic courtesy directed at something hiding her face.
ROSALINE [coyly topping his compliment]

Fair fall the face it covers.

Good fortune fall upon the face beneath it.

Hope the face under it is lucky.

good luck to your face

BEROWNE [a barbed, mock-generous wish]

And send you many lovers!

And grant you many lovers!

And may you have tons of admirers!

hope u get tons of lovers

ROSALINE [a sharp dismissive zinger]

Amen, so you be none.

May that be true, as long as you don't have any.

Yeah, as long as they're not for you.

not for u tho

BEROWNE [mock-huffily beating retreat]

Nay, then will I be gone.

Well then I will leave.

Well then I'm out.

i'm leaving

KING ≋ verse [laying out the formal terms]

Madam, your father here doth intimate

The payment of a hundred thousand crowns,

Being but the one half of an entire sum

Disbursed by my father in his wars.

But say that he or we, as neither have,

Received that sum, yet there remains unpaid

A hundred thousand more, in surety of the which

One part of Aquitaine is bound to us,

Although not valued to the money’s worth.

If then the King your father will restore

But that one half which is unsatisfied,

We will give up our right in Aquitaine,

And hold fair friendship with his majesty.

But that, it seems, he little purposeth;

For here he doth demand to have repaid

A hundred thousand crowns, and not demands,

On payment of a hundred thousand crowns,

To have his title live in Aquitaine,

Which we much rather had depart withal,

And have the money by our father lent,

Than Aquitaine, so gelded as it is.

Dear Princess, were not his requests so far

From reason’s yielding, your fair self should make

A yielding ’gainst some reason in my breast,

And go well satisfied to France again.

Madam, your father here states The payment of one hundred thousand crowns, Being only half of the entire sum Paid out by my father in his wars. But let us say that he or we, as neither have, Received that sum, still there remains unpaid A hundred thousand more, as security for which One region of Aquitaine is bound to us, Although not worth the money itself. If then your father the King will restore Only that half which is still unpaid, We will give up our claim to Aquitaine, And keep friendly relations with his majesty. But that, it seems, he does not truly intend; Because he demands to have back One hundred thousand crowns, and does not ask, Upon payment of one hundred thousand crowns, To have his title returned to Aquitaine, Which we would much rather keep, And have the money my father lent, Than give up Aquitaine, which is already reduced. Dear Princess, if his demands were not so far From what reason would suggest, your beauty would make Me willing to compromise, even against my better judgment, And you would return to France satisfied.

Your father says he's owed one hundred thousand crowns. That's only half of what my father spent fighting wars. But okay, say neither of us actually received that money—there's still another hundred thousand he owes, which is why we're holding onto Aquitaine as a guarantee. The thing is, your father isn't just asking to be released from debt by getting back Aquitaine. He wants the money back and he wants Aquitaine too. That's not reasonable. If he'd be happy just getting half the money back, we'd give up Aquitaine and be friends. But since he wants everything, I can't just let you go without getting something settled, even though you're beautiful and I'd like to.

your dad owes a lot of money he wants aquitaine too that's not fair i like you but i can't just give in

"a hundred thousand crowns" A crown was worth 5 shillings — so 100,000 crowns was £25,000, an enormous sum in the 1590s. The dispute is real, large, and legally complex.
"Aquitaine, so gelded as it is" 'Gelded' means diminished, stripped of value — as a gelded horse is reduced. Aquitaine has been so fragmented that even holding it as security isn't worth the paper.
PRINCESS ≋ verse [indignantly defending her father's honor]

You do the King my father too much wrong,

And wrong the reputation of your name,

In so unseeming to confess receipt

Of that which hath so faithfully been paid.

You wrong the King my father greatly, And you damage your own reputation, By denying so dishonestly that you received That which has been paid so faithfully.

You're seriously disrespecting my father and hurting your own reputation by claiming you never got money that was clearly paid.

you're disrespecting my dad he paid you already

KING ≋ verse [firmly protesting, offering his pledge]

I do protest I never heard of it;

And, if you prove it, I’ll repay it back

Or yield up Aquitaine.

I swear I have never heard of it; And if you can prove it, I will repay it Or give up Aquitaine.

I'm telling you I've never heard of this payment. If you can prove it happened, I'll pay it back or give you Aquitaine.

i never heard of it prove it and i'll pay

PRINCESS ≋ verse [confidently seizing his pledge]

We arrest your word.

Boyet, you can produce acquittances

For such a sum from special officers

Of Charles his father.

We hold you to your word. Boyet, you can produce the receipts For such a sum from the official treasurers Of King Charles's court.

You're stuck with that promise. Boyet, you've got the receipts from the French treasury officers, right? They'll show the payment.

we're holding you to it boyet has the receipts

"acquittances" Formal written receipts for payment — legal documents proving money changed hands. The Princess has come prepared.
KING [briefly conceding the point]

Satisfy me so.

Satisfy me so.

Satisfy me so.

satisfy me so

BOYET ≋ verse [diplomatically explaining the delay]

So please your Grace, the packet is not come

Where that and other specialties are bound.

Tomorrow you shall have a sight of them.

If it please your Grace, the documents are not arrived Where those and other official papers are sealed. Tomorrow you will be able to see them.

Your Majesty, the packet with all the paperwork hasn't gotten here yet. You'll see everything tomorrow.

docs aren't here yet tomorrow

KING ≋ verse [graciously warming toward her]

It shall suffice me; at which interview

All liberal reason I will yield unto.

Meantime receive such welcome at my hand

As honour, without breach of honour, may

Make tender of to thy true worthiness.

You may not come, fair Princess, in my gates,

But here without you shall be so received

As you shall deem yourself lodged in my heart,

Though so denied fair harbour in my house.

Your own good thoughts excuse me, and farewell.

Tomorrow shall we visit you again.

That will be enough for me; at which meeting I will yield to any reasonable argument. Meanwhile, receive the kind welcome I can give Without violating my honor— I can offer hospitality to your genuine worth. You cannot enter my gates, fair Princess, But outside my doors you will be received As if you were lodged in my very heart, Even though I must deny you proper shelter in my house. Your own good judgment will excuse me, and farewell. Tomorrow we will visit you again.

That's good enough for me. When we see those documents, I'll accept whatever they show is fair. For now, I want to welcome you as best I can without breaking my oath—you deserve real hospitality. You can't come inside my house, but out here you'll be treated like you're living in my heart. Even though I have to keep you outside, you'll get everything else. I hope you understand and I hope this is okay. We'll come back tomorrow to see you.

welcome but not inside you'll be treated well outside i'm sorry see you tomorrow

"As honour, without breach of honour, may / Make tender of" 'Make tender of' means 'offer' — the King is threading the needle: offering real hospitality while technically not violating his oath. It's diplomatically clever but humanly absurd.
PRINCESS [offering polite formal courtesy]

Sweet health and fair desires consort your Grace.

May you have good health and pleasant desires as your companions.

I hope you stay healthy and happy.

stay well and happy

KING [a gallant courtly return]

Thy own wish wish I thee in every place.

I wish for you whatever you wish for yourself, in every place.

I wish you get whatever you want, wherever you go.

hope u get what u want

[_Exeunt the King, Longaville and Dumaine._]
BEROWNE [flirtatiously offering his heart]

Lady, I will commend you to mine own heart.

Lady, I will place your memory in my own heart.

I'm going to keep you in my heart.

you're in my heart

ROSALINE [teasingly demanding proof of it]

Pray you, do my commendations; I would be glad to see it.

Please do so; I would be happy to see it.

Sure, and I'd love to see what you've got in there.

i'd love to see

BEROWNE [playfully exaggerating his lovesickness]

I would you heard it groan.

I wish you could hear it groan.

I wish you could hear it crying.

wish you could hear it suffer

ROSALINE [mockingly feigning concern]

Is the fool sick?

Is this simpleton ill?

Is he losing it?

is he sick?

BEROWNE [playing the mock-wounded lover]

Sick at the heart.

Sick with love.

Yeah, lovesick.

lovesick

ROSALINE [a sharp mock-medical jab]

Alack, let it blood.

Well, you should have blood drawn as treatment.

Then you need to get bled.

get bled then

"let it blood" Bloodletting was a standard medical treatment in Renaissance medicine — for almost any illness, physicians would open a vein to balance the humours. Rosaline is prescribing a painful cure for love.
BEROWNE [playing along, half-curious]

Would that do it good?

Would that actually help?

Would that fix it?

would that help?

ROSALINE [a teasing, pointed threat]

My physic says “ay”.

According to my medical knowledge, yes.

Yeah, that's what the medical books say.

yeah probably

"My physic says "ay"" 'Physic' means medicine or a physician — Rosaline is claiming medical authority for the cure. In context, she may be prescribing cruelty (bloodletting = her own sharp treatment of him) as the remedy.
BEROWNE [flirtatious innuendo, testing her]

Will you prick’t with your eye?

Would you do the bloodletting with your eye?

You gonna do it with a look?

with your eye?

ROSALINE [a sharp, cutting retort]

_Non point_, with my knife.

No, with my knife.

Nope, with my blade.

my knife

"_Non point_, with my knife" 'Non point' is French for 'not at all' — but 'point' also means the tip of a knife. Rosaline's answer packs a refusal (non point = not with your eye) and a threat (my knife point) into two words.
BEROWNE [mock-alarmed at her sharpness]

Now, God save thy life.

May God protect your life.

Well, may God keep you alive.

god protect u

ROSALINE [a barbed mock-curse in return]

And yours from long living.

And may yours be spared from a long life.

And I hope you don't live a long time.

die soon

"yours from long living" A deliberately ambiguous farewell — 'may God save you from a long life' reads as a mild curse, or simply as 'may you not have to suffer long.' Either way it lands on Berowne.
BEROWNE [comically fleeing the exchange]

I cannot stay thanksgiving.

I cannot stop to offer thanks.

I don't have time to say thank you.

no time for thanks

[_He exits._]
Enter Dumaine.
DUMAINE [smitten, eager to learn her name]

Sir, I pray you, a word. What lady is that same?

Sir, I ask you, a word. What lady is that same one?

Hey, excuse me. Who's that lady?

who's that lady?

BOYET [plainly supplying her name]

The heir of Alençon, Katharine her name.

The heir of Alençon, called Katharine.

That's the Alençon heiress, Katharine.

katharine of alençon

DUMAINE [admiring her, masking his interest]

A gallant lady. Monsieur, fare you well.

A fine lady. Good fellow, farewell.

She seems really great. Well, see you.

nice lady. bye

[_He exits._]
Enter Longaville.
LONGAVILLE [eagerly asking after her]

I beseech you a word. What is she in the white?

I ask you, a word. What is the lady in white?

Can I ask you something? Who's the woman in white?

who's the lady in white?

BOYET [teasingly deflecting the question]

A woman sometimes, an you saw her in the light.

A woman sometimes, if you saw her in daylight.

Well, she looks like a woman if you see her in proper light.

a woman maybe in daylight

"an you saw her in the light" A mild bawdy joke — 'in the light' (visible/public) versus 'in the dark' (private/intimate). Boyet suggests she might be more or less than a woman depending on circumstances.
LONGAVILLE [picking up the pun, pressing on]

Perchance light in the light. I desire her name.

Perhaps she seems flighty in the light. I want to know her name.

Maybe she seems shallow in the daylight. I want her name though.

what's her name?

"Perchance light in the light" Longaville picks up the bawdy pun: 'light' meaning both fair/blonde and morally loose. He's repeating the innuendo back.
BOYET [a witty, teasing refusal]

She hath but one for herself; to desire that were a shame.

She has only one name for herself; to ask for another would be improper.

She's got one name and that's all she needs. Asking for another would be weird.

she's got one name

LONGAVILLE [persistently pressing for an answer]

Pray you, sir, whose daughter?

I ask you, sir, whose daughter is she?

Whose daughter is she?

whose daughter?

BOYET [a deadpan, teasing non-answer]

Her mother’s, I have heard.

Her mother's, from what I have heard.

Her mother's, from what I hear.

her mom's daughter

LONGAVILLE [sarcastically irritated by the runaround]

God’s blessing on your beard!

May God bless your beard!

What does that even mean?

what?

"God's blessing on your beard" A polite Elizabethan expression of mild exasperation — roughly 'oh for heaven's sake.' The beard is a mark of respectable age; blessing it is ironic when the wearer is being deliberately unhelpful.
BOYET ≋ verse [placating him before answering plainly]

Good sir, be not offended.

She is an heir of Falconbridge.

Good sir, do not be upset. She is an heir of Falconbridge.

Don't be offended. She's from the Falconbridge family.

don't worry she's a falconbridge

LONGAVILLE ≋ verse [mollified, softening into admiration]

Nay, my choler is ended.

She is a most sweet lady.

No, my anger is gone. She is a most sweet lady.

Okay, I'm not mad anymore. She seems really sweet.

ok i'm chill she's sweet

BOYET [a light, noncommittal tease]

Not unlike, sir; that may be.

Probably so, sir; that might be true.

Yeah, maybe. That could be right.

probably

[_Exit Longaville._]
Enter Berowne.
BEROWNE [unable to resist asking too]

What’s her name in the cap?

What is the name of the lady in the hat?

What's the name of the one in the hat?

what's the one in the hat?

BOYET [cheerfully teasing as he answers]

Rosaline, by good hap.

Rosaline, by good fortune.

Rosaline. Lucky for you.

rosaline

BEROWNE [probing a bit too eagerly]

Is she wedded or no?

Is she married or not?

Is she married?

married?

BOYET [a witty, evasive tease]

To her will, sir, or so.

To her own desires, sir, or something like that.

To whoever she wants, basically.

to herself i guess

BEROWNE [brusquely covering his embarrassment]

You are welcome, sir. Adieu.

You are welcome, sir. Farewell.

Well, nice talking to you. See you.

bye

BOYET [amused, getting the last word]

Farewell to me, sir, and welcome to you.

Goodbye to you, sir, and welcome to you.

See you later, and welcome.

bye, welcome

[_Exit Berowne._]
MARIA ≋ verse [fondly describing his jesting nature]

That last is Berowne, the merry madcap lord.

Not a word with him but a jest.

That last one is Berowne, the cheerful wild lord. Every word from him is a joke.

That's Berowne, the fun-loving crazy guy. Everything that comes out of his mouth is a joke.

that's berowne, the wild one everything he says is a joke

BOYET [wittily topping her observation]

And every jest but a word.

And every joke is also just a word.

And every joke he makes is basically just a word.

every punchline is just a word

PRINCESS [amused, approvingly teasing Boyet]

It was well done of you to take him at his word.

It was good of you to take what he said seriously.

It was smart of you to actually believe what he said.

smart move trusting him

BOYET [flirtatious innuendo, quite pleased]

I was as willing to grapple as he was to board.

I was just as ready to engage as he was to attack.

I was just as eager to go at it as he was.

i was ready as he was

KATHARINE [teasingly mocking their flirting]

Two hot sheeps, marry!

Two passionate people, seriously!

Two hot-headed people, wow!

two passionate people lol

"Two hot sheeps, marry" 'Marry' is a mild oath derived from 'Mary' (the Virgin Mary) — used here as 'indeed!' or 'well then!' Katharine's sheep metaphor sets up Boyet's ship counter-pun.
BOYET ≋ verse [flirting back with playful innuendo]

And wherefore not ships?

No sheep, sweet lamb, unless we feed on your lips.

And why not ships instead? No sheep, dear one, unless we eat from your lips.

And why not ships then? No sheep, sweetheart, unless I can feed on your lips.

why not ships? no sheep unless i can taste your lips

"No sheep, sweet lamb, unless we feed on your lips" A quick pun: 'ships' sounds like 'sheeps'; a 'lamb' is a young sheep and also an endearment; and sheep 'feed' as Boyet would like to feed on Katharine's lips. Three jokes in one line.
KATHARINE [pushing back, trying to end it]

You sheep and I pasture. Shall that finish the jest?

You're the sheep and I'm the pasture. Does that finish the joke?

So you're the sheep and I'm the field. Does that settle it?

you're sheep, i'm the pasture that end this?

BOYET [pressing the innuendo further]

So you grant pasture for me.

So you're allowing me a place to graze.

So you're giving me access to your field.

so i can have your pasture

[_He tries to kiss her._]
KATHARINE ≋ verse [a firm, witty rebuff]

Not so, gentle beast.

My lips are no common, though several they be.

Not really, sweet animal. My lips aren't public property, even though they belong to me alone.

Not a chance, buddy. My lips aren't public, even if they're just mine.

nope, beast my lips aren't public

"My lips are no common, though several they be" A 'common' was land open to all for grazing — a public resource. 'Several' means privately enclosed (as opposed to common land). Katharine is using land-use law to say her lips are not available to anyone.
BOYET [persistently teasing for an answer]

Belonging to whom?

Belonging to whom?

Belonging to whom?

belonging to whom

KATHARINE [firmly closing the topic]

To my fortunes and me.

To my own future and to me.

To me and my own life.

they're just mine

PRINCESS ≋ verse [stepping in with mild scolding]

Good wits will be jangling; but, gentles, agree.

This civil war of wits were much better used

On Navarre and his bookmen, for here ’tis abused.

Clever people will keep bickering; but friends, get along. This witty argument would be much better aimed At Navarre and his scholars, because here it's being wasted.

Witty people are always going to argue, but come on, you guys, settle down. This clever bickering would be much better directed at Navarre and his scholars instead of wasting it here.

stop arguing, friends use your wit on navarre instead

BOYET ≋ verse [delighted to share juicy gossip]

If my observation, which very seldom lies,

By the heart’s still rhetoric disclosed with eyes,

Deceive me not now, Navarre is infected.

If my ability to read people, which is rarely wrong, Based on what I see in the eyes and the heart's silent language, Don't fool me now, then Navarre is lovesick.

If my eye for reading people—and I'm usually right— Based on what I see in someone's eyes and how their heart speaks, Isn't failing me now, then Navarre's definitely lovesick.

navarre's lovesick i can tell by his eyes

PRINCESS [curious, prompting him on]

With what?

With what?

With what?

with what

BOYET [playfully teasing out the reveal]

With that which we lovers entitle “affected”.

With what lovers call being lovesick.

With what we call being head over heels.

lovesickness

PRINCESS [briskly demanding his proof]

Your reason.

Your reason.

Your reason.

your reason

BOYET ≋ verse [amused, painting his lovesick behavior]

Why, all his behaviours did make their retire

To the court of his eye, peeping thorough desire.

His heart, like an agate, with your print impressed,

Proud with his form, in his eye pride expressed.

His tongue, all impatient to speak and not see,

Did stumble with haste in his eyesight to be;

All senses to that sense did make their repair,

To feel only looking on fairest of fair.

Methought all his senses were locked in his eye,

As jewels in crystal for some prince to buy;

Who, tend’ring their own worth from where they were glassed,

Did point you to buy them, along as you passed.

His face’s own margent did quote such amazes

That all eyes saw his eyes enchanted with gazes.

I’ll give you Aquitaine, and all that is his,

An you give him for my sake but one loving kiss.

Here's why: all his attention has retreated to his eyes, revealing his desire. His heart is like a stone bearing your impression, Proud in his form, and his eyes show that pride. His tongue, desperate to speak yet unable to stop looking, Stumbles over itself in its eagerness just to keep watching; All his other senses abandon themselves to sight, To experience only by looking at the most beautiful person. It seems all his senses are locked in his eyes, Like jewels in crystal for a prince to purchase; Jewels that display their own value from where they're set, And point to you as an invitation as you pass. His very face shows such wonder That everyone can see his eyes are bewitched by you. I'll hand over Aquitaine and everything he owns, If you give him for my sake just one loving kiss.

Well, here's what's happening: all his attention has moved to his eyes, completely showing how much he wants you. His heart is marked by you like a stone has an imprint, He's proud of himself, and his eyes make that crystal clear. His tongue wants to speak but he can't stop staring, Tripping over itself just trying to keep looking at you; Every single sense he has gives up and focuses only on sight, He can only feel anything by looking at you—the most beautiful person there is. All his senses are basically locked in his eyes, Like valuable gems locked behind glass for a prince to buy; Those gems just sitting there showing off how valuable they are, Almost begging you to want them as you walk past. His entire face is screaming with wonder So loudly that everyone can see his eyes are completely captivated by you. I'll give you an entire territory and everything this guy owns, If you just give him one loving kiss for me.

he's obsessed with you can't stop staring all his senses locked on you like gems on display everyone sees he's captivated i'll give aquitaine if you kiss him

"His heart, like an agate, with your print impressed" Agates were semi-precious stones carved as seals and pressed into wax — 'with your print impressed' means your image is carved into his heart like a seal in stone. A miniature portrait of infatuation.
"His face's own margent did quote such amazes" Elizabethan books printed explanatory notes in the margin ('margent'). Boyet is saying the King's facial expression was its own marginal gloss — visibly annotating the text of his feelings.
Why it matters Boyet's description of the King's love-struck stare is one of the play's most inventive passages — a complete phenomenology of infatuation compressed into sixteen lines, ending in a joke. It tells us more about how desire works in this play than any other single speech.
PRINCESS [wryly cutting off his flattery]

Come, to our pavilion. Boyet is disposed.

Come, let's go to our tent. Boyet is in a joking mood.

Let's go to our pavilion. Boyet's feeling chatty.

let's go, boyet's being silly

"Boyet is disposed" 'Disposed' means inclined toward something — here, disposed toward making merry or flirtatious observations. The Princess is gently ending the speech.
BOYET ≋ verse [defending his claim, quite pleased]

But to speak that in words which his eye hath disclosed.

I only have made a mouth of his eye

By adding a tongue which I know will not lie.

I'm just putting into words what his eyes have already revealed. I've simply given his eyes the ability to speak By adding a tongue—my words—which I know won't lie.

I'm just saying out loud what his eyes already showed. I've basically given his eyes the ability to talk By adding my words as their voice, and I promise my words are true.

i'm saying what his eyes already showed i gave his eyes a tongue, and i'm not lying

ROSALINE [a teasing, half-admiring jab]

Thou art an old love-monger, and speakest skilfully.

You're an old hand at selling romance, and you speak skillfully.

You're an old romantic smooth-talker, and you're really good at it.

old love dealer you talk real smooth

MARIA [wittily piling on the joke]

He is Cupid’s grandfather, and learns news of him.

He's so experienced in love he's practically Cupid's grandfather, and he learns the latest from Cupid.

He's ancient when it comes to love—basically Cupid's grandfather—and he's always getting the latest gossip from him.

he's cupid's grandfather always learning love secrets

ROSALINE [topping the joke cleverly]

Then was Venus like her mother; for her father is but grim.

Then Venus must have been like her mother, because her father is quite stern.

Then Venus's mother must have been something else, because her father is pretty serious.

venus's mom must be strong if her dad's that serious

"Then was Venus like her mother; for her father is but grim" A quick genealogical joke: if Boyet is Cupid's grandfather, and Cupid is Venus's son, then Boyet is Venus's father. Rosaline says Venus must have gotten her beauty from her mother, since her supposed father (Boyet) is rather dour.
BOYET [mock-exasperated, still playful]

Do you hear, my mad wenches?

Are you listening, you wild women?

Hey, are you crazy women paying attention?

you girls listening?

MARIA [a playful, teasing refusal]

No.

No.

No.

no

BOYET [playing along with her joke]

What, then, do you see?

What, then, are you looking at?

So what's caught your attention?

what're you looking at?

ROSALINE [briskly ending the banter]

Ay, our way to be gone.

Yes, the way out for us.

Yeah, the exit.

yeah the way out

BOYET [amused, conceding defeat]

You are too hard for me.

You're too much for me.

You're too sharp for me.

you got me

[_Exeunt._]

The Reckoning

The play tilts on its axis in this scene: the women arrive and they are, flatly, better at this than the men. The Princess strips the King's welcome bare in three lines, and every subsequent exchange between lord and lady runs the same way — the women win. We leave with the delightful suspicion that five marriages and a very embarrassing oath-breaking are now inevitable.

If this happened today…

A French tech executive flies to a startup campus in Silicon Valley for a meeting about a major licensing dispute involving money her father's company paid years ago. The startup founder — who has publicly committed to a 'no meetings, heads-down work' policy with his co-founders — meets her in the parking lot because he literally cannot invite her inside. She produces the receipts (figuratively: her legal team has the documentation). He says he hasn't seen those documents. She says: check your email, we'll send them tomorrow. Meanwhile, one of his engineers slides up to her assistant to ask if that woman in the blue jacket is single. She is not. None of this is going according to anyone's plan.

Continue to 3.1 →