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Act 1, Scene 3 — The Grecian camp. Before Agamemnon’s tent.
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The argument The Greek generals debate why they're losing after seven years; Ulysses delivers his great speech on 'degree' and hierarchy; Hector's challenge arrives; Ulysses proposes sending Ajax instead of Achilles to deflate Achilles's pride.
Sennet. Enter Agamemnon, Nestor, Ulysses, Diomedes, Menelaus and
others.
First appearance
AGAMEMNON

Agamemnon speaks in extended, elaborately ornamented sentences — the rhetoric of command. Watch for how his language inflates every difficulty into a test of virtue, making failure sound like wisdom.

AGAMEMNON ≋ verse dialogue

Princes,

What grief hath set these jaundies o’er your cheeks?

The ample proposition that hope makes

In all designs begun on earth below

Fails in the promis’d largeness; checks and disasters

Grow in the veins of actions highest rear’d,

As knots, by the conflux of meeting sap,

Infects the sound pine, and diverts his grain

Tortive and errant from his course of growth.

Nor, princes, is it matter new to us

That we come short of our suppose so far

That after seven years’ siege yet Troy walls stand;

Sith every action that hath gone before,

Whereof we have record, trial did draw

Bias and thwart, not answering the aim,

And that unbodied figure of the thought

That gave’t surmised shape. Why then, you princes,

Do you with cheeks abash’d behold our works

And call them shames, which are, indeed, naught else

But the protractive trials of great Jove

To find persistive constancy in men;

The fineness of which metal is not found

In fortune’s love? For then the bold and coward,

The wise and fool, the artist and unread,

The hard and soft, seem all affin’d and kin.

But in the wind and tempest of her frown

Distinction, with a broad and powerful fan,

Puffing at all, winnows the light away;

And what hath mass or matter by itself

Lies rich in virtue and unmingled.

Princes, What grief has set these jaundies o’er your cheeks? The ample proposition that hope makes In all designs begun on earth below Fails in the promis’d largeness; checks and disasters Grow in the veins of actions highest rear’d, As knots, by the conflux of meeting sap, Infects the sound pine, and diverts his grain Tortive and errant from his course of growth. Nor, princes, is it matter new to us That we come short of our suppose so far That after seven years’ siege yet Troy walls stand; Sith every action that has gone before, Whereof we have record, trial did draw Bias and thwart, not answering the aim, And that unbodied figure of the thought That gave’t surmised shape. Why then, you princes, Do you with cheeks abash’d behold our works And call them shames, which are, indeed, naught else But the protractive trials of great Jove To find persistive constancy in men; The fineness of which metal is not found In fortune’s love? For then the bold and coward, The wise and fool, the artist and unread, The hard and soft, seem all affin’d and kin. But in the wind and tempest of her frown Distinction, with a broad and powerful fan, Puffing at all, winnows the light away; And what has mass or matter by itself Lies rich in virtue and unmingled.

princes, what grief has set these jaundies o’er your cheeks? the ample proposition that hope makes in all designs begun on earth below fails in the promis’d largeness; checks and disasters grow in the veins of actions highest rear’d, as knots, by the conflux of meeting sap, infects the sound pine, and diverts his grain tortive and errant from his course of growth. nor, princes, is it matter new to us that we come short of our suppose so far that after seven years’ siege yet troy walls stand; sith every action that has gone before, whereof we have record, trial did draw bias and thwart, not answering the aim, and that unbodied figure of the thought that gave’t surmised shape. why then, you princes, do you with cheeks abash’d behold our works and call them shames, which are, indeed, naught else but the protractive trials of great jove to find persistive constancy in men; the fineness of which metal is not found in fortune’s love? for then the bold and coward, the wise and fool, the artist and unread, the hard and soft, seem all affin’d and kin. but in the wind and tempest of her frown distinction, with a broad and powerful fan, puffing at all, winnows the light away; and what has mass or matter by itself lies rich in virtue and unmingled.

princes, what grief has set these jaundies o’er your

"As knots, by the conflux of meeting sap, / Infects the sound pine" Agamemnon's style is elaborate simile upon elaborate simile — this one compares setbacks to knot formation in timber, where sap meeting sap twists the wood grain. The comparison says: failure is natural, structural, even beautiful.
Why it matters Agamemnon's opening speech sets the rhetorical register of the Greek high command — grandiose, philosophically ambitious, and designed to reframe failure as virtue. It's very impressive and almost completely useless.
First appearance
NESTOR

Nestor speaks in analogies and precedent — the old warrior's way of making everything a lesson from the past. He often repeats Ulysses's point more slowly and with less precision.

NESTOR ≋ verse dialogue

With due observance of thy godlike seat,

Great Agamemnon, Nestor shall apply

Thy latest words. In the reproof of chance

Lies the true proof of men. The sea being smooth,

How many shallow bauble boats dare sail

Upon her patient breast, making their way

With those of nobler bulk!

But let the ruffian Boreas once enrage

The gentle Thetis, and anon behold

The strong-ribb’d bark through liquid mountains cut,

Bounding between the two moist elements

Like Perseus’ horse. Where’s then the saucy boat,

Whose weak untimber’d sides but even now

Co-rivall’d greatness? Either to harbour fled

Or made a toast for Neptune. Even so

Doth valour’s show and valour’s worth divide

In storms of fortune; for in her ray and brightness

The herd hath more annoyance by the breeze

Than by the tiger; but when the splitting wind

Makes flexible the knees of knotted oaks,

And flies fled under shade—why, then the thing of courage,

As rous’d with rage, with rage doth sympathise,

And with an accent tun’d in self-same key

Retorts to chiding fortune.

With due observance of your godlike seat, Great Agamemnon, Nestor shall apply your latest words. In the reproof of chance Lies the true proof of men. The sea being smooth, How many shallow bauble boats dare sail Upon her patient breast, making their way With those of nobler bulk! But let the ruffian Boreas once enrage The gentle Thetis, and anon behold The strong-ribb’d bark through liquid mountains cut, Bounding between the two moist elements Like Perseus’ horse. Where’s then the saucy boat, Whose weak untimber’d sides but even now Co-rivall’d greatness? Either to harbour fled Or made a toast for Neptune. Even so does valour’s show and valour’s worth divide In storms of fortune; for in her ray and brightness The herd has more annoyance by the breeze Than by the tiger; but when the splitting wind Makes flexible the knees of knotted oaks, And flies fled under shade—why, then the thing of courage, As rous’d with rage, with rage does sympathise, And with an accent tun’d in self-same key Retorts to chiding fortune.

with due observance of your godlike seat, great agamemnon, nestor shall apply your latest words. in the reproof of chance lies the true proof of men. the sea being smooth, how many shallow bauble boats dare sail upon her patient breast, making their way with those of nobler bulk! but let the ruffian boreas once enrage the gentle thetis, and anon behold the strong-ribb’d bark through liquid mountains cut, bounding between the two moist elements like perseus’ horse. where’s then the saucy boat, whose weak untimber’d sides but even now co-rivall’d greatness? either to harbour fled or made a toast for neptune. even so does valour’s show and valour’s worth divide in storms of fortune; for in her ray and brightness the herd has more annoyance by the breeze than by the tiger; but when the splitting wind makes flexible the knees of knotted oaks, and flies fled under shade—why, then the thing of courage, as rous’d with rage, with rage does sympathise, and with an accent tun’d in self-same key retorts to chiding fortune.

with due observance of your godlike seat, great agamemnon,

First appearance
ULYSSES

Ulysses is the play's master manipulator — his speeches are always logically airtight and strategically motivated. Watch for the gap between what he argues in public and what he schemes in private.

ULYSSES dialogue

Agamemnon,

Thou great commander, nerve and bone of Greece,

Heart of our numbers, soul and only spirit

In whom the tempers and the minds of all

Should be shut up—hear what Ulysses speaks.

Besides th’applause and approbation

The which, [_To Agamemnon_] most mighty, for thy place and sway,

Agamemnon, you great commander, nerve and bone of Greece, Heart of our numbers, soul and only spirit In whom the tempers and the minds of all Should be shut up—hear what Ulysses speaks. Besides th’applause and approbation The which, [_To Agamemnon_] most mighty, for your place and sway,

agamemnon, you great commander, nerve and bone of greece, heart of our numbers, soul and only spirit in whom the tempers and the minds of all should be shut up—hear what ulysses speaks. besides th’applause and approbation the which, [_to agamemnon_] most mighty, for your place and sway,

agamemnon, you great commander, nerve and bone of greece,

[_To Nestor_] And, thou most reverend, for thy stretch’d-out life,
I give to both your speeches—which were such
As Agamemnon and the hand of Greece
Should hold up high in brass; and such again
As venerable Nestor, hatch’d in silver,
Should with a bond of air, strong as the axle-tree
On which heaven rides, knit all the Greekish ears
To his experienc’d tongue—yet let it please both,
Thou great, and wise, to hear Ulysses speak.
AGAMEMNON ≋ verse dialogue

Speak, Prince of Ithaca; and be’t of less expect

That matter needless, of importless burden,

Divide thy lips than we are confident,

When rank Thersites opes his mastic jaws,

We shall hear music, wit, and oracle.

Speak, Prince of Ithaca; and be’t of less expect That matter needless, of importless burden, Divide your lips than we are confident, When rank Thersites opes his mastic jaws, We shall hear music, wit, and oracle.

speak, prince of ithaca; and be’t of less expect that matter needless, of importless burden, divide your lips than we are confident, when rank thersites opes his mastic jaws, we shall hear music, wit, and oracle.

speak, prince of ithaca; and be’t of less expect that

ULYSSES ≋ verse dialogue

Troy, yet upon his basis, had been down,

And the great Hector’s sword had lack’d a master,

But for these instances:

The specialty of rule hath been neglected;

And look how many Grecian tents do stand

Hollow upon this plain, so many hollow factions.

When that the general is not like the hive,

To whom the foragers shall all repair,

What honey is expected? Degree being vizarded,

Th’unworthiest shows as fairly in the mask.

The heavens themselves, the planets, and this centre,

Observe degree, priority, and place,

Insisture, course, proportion, season, form,

Office, and custom, in all line of order;

And therefore is the glorious planet Sol

In noble eminence enthron’d and spher’d

Amidst the other, whose med’cinable eye

Corrects the influence of evil planets,

And posts, like the commandment of a king,

Sans check, to good and bad. But when the planets

In evil mixture to disorder wander,

What plagues and what portents, what mutiny,

What raging of the sea, shaking of earth,

Commotion in the winds! Frights, changes, horrors,

Divert and crack, rend and deracinate,

The unity and married calm of states

Quite from their fixture! O, when degree is shak’d,

Which is the ladder of all high designs,

The enterprise is sick! How could communities,

Degrees in schools, and brotherhoods in cities,

Peaceful commerce from dividable shores,

The primogenity and due of birth,

Prerogative of age, crowns, sceptres, laurels,

But by degree stand in authentic place?

Take but degree away, untune that string,

And hark what discord follows! Each thing melts

In mere oppugnancy: the bounded waters

Should lift their bosoms higher than the shores,

And make a sop of all this solid globe;

Strength should be lord of imbecility,

And the rude son should strike his father dead;

Force should be right; or, rather, right and wrong—

Between whose endless jar justice resides—

Should lose their names, and so should justice too.

Then everything includes itself in power,

Power into will, will into appetite;

And appetite, an universal wolf,

So doubly seconded with will and power,

Must make perforce an universal prey,

And last eat up himself. Great Agamemnon,

This chaos, when degree is suffocate,

Follows the choking.

And this neglection of degree it is

That by a pace goes backward, with a purpose

It hath to climb. The general’s disdain’d

By him one step below, he by the next,

That next by him beneath; so every step,

Exampl’d by the first pace that is sick

Of his superior, grows to an envious fever

Of pale and bloodless emulation.

And ’tis this fever that keeps Troy on foot,

Not her own sinews. To end a tale of length,

Troy in our weakness stands, not in her strength.

Troy, yet upon his basis, had been down, And the great Hector’s sword had lack’d a master, But for these instances: The specialty of rule has been neglected; And look how many Grecian tents do stand Hollow upon this plain, so many hollow factions. When that the general is not like the hive, To whom the foragers shall all repair, What honey is expected? Degree being vizarded, Th’unworthiest shows as fairly in the mask. The heavens themselves, the planets, and this centre, Observe degree, priority, and place, Insisture, course, proportion, season, form, Office, and custom, in all line of order; And therefore is the glorious planet Sol In noble eminence enthron’d and spher’d Amidst the other, whose med’cinable eye Corrects the influence of evil planets, And posts, like the commandment of a king, Sans check, to good and bad. But when the planets In evil mixture to disorder wander, What plagues and what portents, what mutiny, What raging of the sea, shaking of earth, Commotion in the winds! Frights, changes, horrors, Divert and crack, rend and deracinate, The unity and married calm of states Quite from their fixture! O, when degree is shak’d, Which is the ladder of all high designs, The enterprise is sick! How could communities, Degrees in schools, and brotherhoods in cities, Peaceful commerce from dividable shores, The primogenity and due of birth, Prerogative of age, crowns, sceptres, laurels, But by degree stand in authentic place? Take but degree away, untune that string, And hark what discord follows! Each thing melts In mere oppugnancy: the bounded waters Should lift their bosoms higher than the shores, And make a sop of all this solid globe; Strength should be lord of imbecility, And the rude son should strike his father dead; Force should be right; or, rather, right and wrong— Between whose endless jar justice resides— Should lose their names, and so should justice too. Then everything includes itself in power, Power into will, will into appetite; And appetite, an universal wolf, So doubly seconded with will and power, Must make perforce an universal prey, And last eat up himself. Great Agamemnon, This chaos, when degree is suffocate, Follows the choking. And this neglection of degree it is That by a pace goes backward, with a purpose It has to climb. The general’s disdain’d By him one step below, he by the next, That next by him beneath; so every step, Exampl’d by the first pace that is sick Of his superior, grows to an envious fever Of pale and bloodless emulation. And ’tis this fever that keeps Troy on foot, Not her own sinews. To end a tale of length, Troy in our weakness stands, not in her strength.

troy, yet upon his basis, had been down, and the great hector’s sword had lack’d a master, but for these instances: the specialty of rule has been neglected; and look how many grecian tents do stand hollow upon this plain, so many hollow factions. when that the general is not like the hive, to whom the foragers shall all repair, what honey is expected? degree being vizarded, th’unworthiest shows as fairly in the mask. the heavens themselves, the planets, and this centre, observe degree, priority, and place, insisture, course, proportion, season, form, office, and custom, in all line of order; and therefore is the glorious planet sol in noble eminence enthron’d and spher’d amidst the other, whose med’cinable eye corrects the influence of evil planets, and posts, like the commandment of a king, sans check, to good and bad. but when the planets in evil mixture to disorder wander, what plagues and what portents, what mutiny, what raging of the sea, shaking of earth, commotion in the winds! frights, changes, horrors, divert and crack, rend and deracinate, the unity and married calm of states quite from their fixture! o, when degree is shak’d, which is the ladder of all high designs, the enterprise is sick! how could communities, degrees in schools, and brotherhoods in cities, peaceful commerce from dividable shores, the primogenity and due of birth, prerogative of age, crowns, sceptres, laurels, but by degree stand in authentic place? take but degree away, untune that string, and hark what discord follows! each thing melts in mere oppugnancy: the bounded waters should lift their bosoms higher than the shores, and make a sop of all this solid globe; strength should be lord of imbecility, and the rude son should strike his father dead; force should be right; or, rather, right and wrong— between whose endless jar justice resides— should lose their names, and so should justice too. then everything includes itself in power, power into will, will into appetite; and appetite, an universal wolf, so doubly seconded with will and power, must make perforce an universal prey, and last eat up himself. great agamemnon, this chaos, when degree is suffocate, follows the choking. and this neglection of degree it is that by a pace goes backward, with a purpose it has to climb. the general’s disdain’d by him one step below, he by the next, that next by him beneath; so every step, exampl’d by the first pace that is sick of his superior, grows to an envious fever of pale and bloodless emulation. and ’tis this fever that keeps troy on foot, not her own sinews. to end a tale of length, troy in our weakness stands, not in her strength.

troy, yet upon his basis, had been down, and the great

"Take but degree away, untune that string, / And hark what discord follows" The music metaphor: society is a stringed instrument kept in tune by hierarchy. Remove one string (one rank) and the whole collapses into noise. This is Elizabethan political philosophy in concentrated form — the 'Great Chain of Being,' the idea that all of creation is ordered in ranks from God to angels to monarchs to subjects to animals to matter.
"appetite, an universal wolf, / So doubly seconded with will and power, / Must make perforce an universal prey, / And last eat up himself" Appetite as a wolf that eats the world and finally itself — one of the darkest images in Shakespeare. It describes perfectly what the play is showing: desire without limit becomes self-destructive.
Why it matters The 'degree' speech is one of the most important political speeches in Shakespeare — and one of the most brilliantly ironic. Ulysses argues for absolute order and hierarchy, then immediately schemes to circumvent it through manipulation and a rigged lottery.
NESTOR ≋ verse dialogue

Most wisely hath Ulysses here discover’d

The fever whereof all our power is sick.

Most wisely has Ulysses here discover’d The fever whereof all our power is sick.

most wisely has ulysses here discover’d the fever whereof all our power is sick.

most wisely has ulysses here discover’d the fever whereof

AGAMEMNON ≋ verse dialogue

The nature of the sickness found, Ulysses,

What is the remedy?

The nature of the sickness found, Ulysses, What is the remedy?

the nature of the sickness found, ulysses, what is the remedy?

the nature of the sickness found, ulysses, what is the

ULYSSES ≋ verse dialogue

The great Achilles, whom opinion crowns

The sinew and the forehand of our host,

Having his ear full of his airy fame,

Grows dainty of his worth, and in his tent

Lies mocking our designs; with him Patroclus

Upon a lazy bed the livelong day

Breaks scurril jests;

And with ridiculous and awkward action—

Which, slanderer, he imitation calls—

He pageants us. Sometime, great Agamemnon,

Thy topless deputation he puts on;

And like a strutting player whose conceit

Lies in his hamstring, and doth think it rich

To hear the wooden dialogue and sound

’Twixt his stretch’d footing and the scaffoldage—

Such to-be-pitied and o’er-wrested seeming

He acts thy greatness in; and when he speaks

’Tis like a chime a-mending; with terms unsquar’d,

Which, from the tongue of roaring Typhon dropp’d,

Would seem hyperboles. At this fusty stuff

The large Achilles, on his press’d bed lolling,

From his deep chest laughs out a loud applause;

Cries ‘Excellent! ’Tis Agamemnon right!

Now play me Nestor; hem, and stroke thy beard,

As he being drest to some oration.’

That’s done—as near as the extremest ends

Of parallels, as like as Vulcan and his wife;

Yet god Achilles still cries ‘Excellent!

’Tis Nestor right. Now play him me, Patroclus,

Arming to answer in a night alarm.’

And then, forsooth, the faint defects of age

Must be the scene of mirth: to cough and spit

And, with a palsy fumbling on his gorget,

Shake in and out the rivet. And at this sport

Sir Valour dies; cries ‘O, enough, Patroclus;

Or give me ribs of steel! I shall split all

In pleasure of my spleen.’ And in this fashion

All our abilities, gifts, natures, shapes,

Severals and generals of grace exact,

Achievements, plots, orders, preventions,

Excitements to the field or speech for truce,

Success or loss, what is or is not, serves

As stuff for these two to make paradoxes.

The great Achilles, whom opinion crowns The sinew and the forehand of our host, Having his ear full of his airy fame, Grows dainty of his worth, and in his tent Lies mocking our designs; with him Patroclus Upon a lazy bed the livelong day Breaks scurril jests; And with ridiculous and awkward action— Which, slanderer, he imitation calls— He pageants us. Sometime, great Agamemnon, your topless deputation he puts on; And like a strutting player whose conceit Lies in his hamstring, and does think it rich To hear the wooden dialogue and sound ’Twixt his stretch’d footing and the scaffoldage— Such to-be-pitied and o’er-wrested seeming He acts your greatness in; and when he speaks ’Tis like a chime a-mending; with terms unsquar’d, Which, from the tongue of roaring Typhon dropp’d, Would seem hyperboles. At this fusty stuff The large Achilles, on his press’d bed lolling, From his deep chest laughs out a loud applause; Cries ‘Excellent! ’Tis Agamemnon right! Now play me Nestor; hem, and stroke your beard, As he being drest to some oration.’ That’s done—as near as the extremest ends Of parallels, as like as Vulcan and his wife; Yet god Achilles still cries ‘Excellent! ’Tis Nestor right. Now play him me, Patroclus, Arming to answer in a night alarm.’ And then, forsooth, the faint defects of age Must be the scene of mirth: to cough and spit And, with a palsy fumbling on his gorget, Shake in and out the rivet. And at this sport Sir Valour dies; cries ‘O, enough, Patroclus; Or give me ribs of steel! I shall split all In pleasure of my spleen.’ And in this fashion All our abilities, gifts, natures, shapes, Severals and generals of grace exact, Achievements, plots, orders, preventions, Excitements to the field or speech for truce, Success or loss, what is or is not, serves As stuff for these two to make paradoxes.

the great achilles, whom opinion crowns the sinew and the forehand of our host, having his ear full of his airy fame, grows dainty of his worth, and in his tent lies mocking our designs; with him patroclus upon a lazy bed the livelong day breaks scurril jests; and with ridiculous and awkward action— which, slanderer, he imitation calls— he pageants us. sometime, great agamemnon, your topless deputation he puts on; and like a strutting player whose conceit lies in his hamstring, and does think it rich to hear the wooden dialogue and sound ’twixt his stretch’d footing and the scaffoldage— such to-be-pitied and o’er-wrested seeming he acts your greatness in; and when he speaks ’tis like a chime a-mending; with terms unsquar’d, which, from the tongue of roaring typhon dropp’d, would seem hyperboles. at this fusty stuff the large achilles, on his press’d bed lolling, from his deep chest laughs out a loud applause; cries ‘excellent! ’tis agamemnon right! now play me nestor; hem, and stroke your beard, as he being drest to some oration.’ that’s done—as near as the extremest ends of parallels, as like as vulcan and his wife; yet god achilles still cries ‘excellent! ’tis nestor right. now play him me, patroclus, arming to answer in a night alarm.’ and then, forsooth, the faint defects of age must be the scene of mirth: to cough and spit and, with a palsy fumbling on his gorget, shake in and out the rivet. and at this sport sir valour dies; cries ‘o, enough, patroclus; or give me ribs of steel! i shall split all in pleasure of my spleen.’ and in this fashion all our abilities, gifts, natures, shapes, severals and generals of grace exact, achievements, plots, orders, preventions, excitements to the field or speech for truce, success or loss, what is or is not, serves as stuff for these two to make paradoxes.

the great achilles, whom opinion crowns the sinew and the

"Sometime, great Agamemnon, / Thy topless deputation he puts on" 'Topless' means supreme, highest — Patroclus is playing Agamemnon the supreme commander. The image of the great general being mocked by a lazy actor on a bed is one of the play's most deflating.
NESTOR ≋ verse dialogue

And in the imitation of these twain—

Who, as Ulysses says, opinion crowns

With an imperial voice—many are infect.

Ajax is grown self-will’d and bears his head

In such a rein, in full as proud a place

As broad Achilles; keeps his tent like him;

Makes factious feasts; rails on our state of war

Bold as an oracle, and sets Thersites,

A slave whose gall coins slanders like a mint,

To match us in comparisons with dirt,

To weaken and discredit our exposure,

How rank soever rounded in with danger.

And in the imitation of these twain— Who, as Ulysses says, opinion crowns With an imperial voice—many are infect. Ajax is grown self-will’d and bears his head In such a rein, in full as proud a place As broad Achilles; keeps his tent like him; Makes factious feasts; rails on our state of war Bold as an oracle, and sets Thersites, A slave whose gall coins slanders like a mint, To match us in comparisons with dirt, To weaken and discredit our exposure, How rank soever rounded in with danger.

and in the imitation of these twain— who, as ulysses says, opinion crowns with an imperial voice—many are infect. ajax is grown self-will’d and bears his head in such a rein, in full as proud a place as broad achilles; keeps his tent like him; makes factious feasts; rails on our state of war bold as an oracle, and sets thersites, a slave whose gall coins slanders like a mint, to match us in comparisons with dirt, to weaken and discredit our exposure, how rank soever rounded in with danger.

and in the imitation of these twain— who, as ulysses says,

ULYSSES ≋ verse dialogue

They tax our policy and call it cowardice,

Count wisdom as no member of the war,

Forestall prescience, and esteem no act

But that of hand. The still and mental parts

That do contrive how many hands shall strike

When fitness calls them on, and know, by measure

Of their observant toil, the enemies’ weight—

Why, this hath not a finger’s dignity:

They call this bed-work, mapp’ry, closet-war;

So that the ram that batters down the wall,

For the great swinge and rudeness of his poise,

They place before his hand that made the engine,

Or those that with the fineness of their souls

By reason guide his execution.

They tax our policy and call it cowardice, Count wisdom as no member of the war, Forestall prescience, and esteem no act But that of hand. The still and mental parts That do contrive how many hands shall strike When fitness calls them on, and know, by measure Of their observant toil, the enemies’ weight— Why, this has not a finger’s dignity: They call this bed-work, mapp’ry, closet-war; So that the ram that batters down the wall, For the great swinge and rudeness of his poise, They place before his hand that made the engine, Or those that with the fineness of their souls By reason guide his execution.

they tax our policy and call it cowardice, count wisdom as no member of the war, forestall prescience, and esteem no act but that of hand. the still and mental parts that do contrive how many hands shall strike when fitness calls them on, and know, by measure of their observant toil, the enemies’ weight— why, this has not a finger’s dignity: they call this bed-work, mapp’ry, closet-war; so that the ram that batters down the wall, for the great swinge and rudeness of his poise, they place before his hand that made the engine, or those that with the fineness of their souls by reason guide his execution.

they tax our policy and call it cowardice, count wisdom as

NESTOR ≋ verse dialogue

Let this be granted, and Achilles’ horse

Makes many Thetis’ sons.

Let this be granted, and Achilles’ horse Makes many Thetis’ sons.

let this be granted, and achilles’ horse makes many thetis’ sons.

let this be granted, and achilles’ horse makes many thetis’

[_Tucket_.]
AGAMEMNON dialogue

What trumpet? Look, Menelaus.

What trumpet? Look, Menelaus.

what trumpet? look, menelaus.

what trumpet? look, menelaus.

First appearance
MENELAUS

Menelaus barely speaks — the man whose stolen wife started the war is the most marginal figure in the Greek high command. Watch how little he says.

MENELAUS dialogue

From Troy.

From Troy.

from troy.

from troy.

Enter Aeneas.
AGAMEMNON dialogue

What would you fore our tent?

What would you fore our tent?

what would you fore our tent?

what would you fore our tent?

AENEAS dialogue

Is this great Agamemnon’s tent, I pray you?

Is this great Agamemnon’s tent, I pray you?

is this great agamemnon’s tent, i pray you?

is this great agamemnon’s tent, i pray you?

AGAMEMNON dialogue

Even this.

Even this.

even this.

even this.

AENEAS ≋ verse dialogue

May one that is a herald and a prince

Do a fair message to his kingly eyes?

May one that is a herald and a prince Do a fair message to his kingly eyes?

may one that is a herald and a prince do a fair message to his kingly eyes?

may one that is a herald and a prince do a fair message to

AGAMEMNON ≋ verse dialogue

With surety stronger than Achilles’ arm

Fore all the Greekish heads, which with one voice

Call Agamemnon head and general.

With surety stronger than Achilles’ arm Fore all the Greekish heads, which with one voice Call Agamemnon head and general.

with surety stronger than achilles’ arm fore all the greekish heads, which with one voice call agamemnon head and general.

with surety stronger than achilles’ arm fore all the

AENEAS ≋ verse dialogue

Fair leave and large security. How may

A stranger to those most imperial looks

Know them from eyes of other mortals?

Fair leave and large security. How may A stranger to those most imperial looks Know them from eyes of other mortals?

fair leave and large security. how may a stranger to those most imperial looks know them from eyes of other mortals?

fair leave and large security. how may a stranger to those

AGAMEMNON dialogue

How?

How?

how?

how?

AENEAS ≋ verse dialogue

Ay;

I ask, that I might waken reverence,

And bid the cheek be ready with a blush

Modest as morning when she coldly eyes

The youthful Phoebus.

Which is that god in office, guiding men?

Which is the high and mighty Agamemnon?

Ay; I ask, that I might waken reverence, And bid the cheek be ready with a blush Modest as morning when she coldly eyes The youthful Phoebus. Which is that god in office, guiding men? Which is the high and mighty Agamemnon?

ay; i ask, that i might waken reverence, and bid the cheek be ready with a blush modest as morning when she coldly eyes the youthful phoebus. which is that god in office, guiding men? which is the high and mighty agamemnon?

ay; i ask, that i might waken reverence, and bid the cheek

"bid the cheek be ready with a blush / Modest as morning" Aeneas is performing elaborate Trojan court courtesy — so elaborate it's almost satirical. He knows perfectly well who Agamemnon is. The whole ceremony is a diplomatic performance, and Agamemnon knows it.
AGAMEMNON ≋ verse dialogue

This Trojan scorns us, or the men of Troy

Are ceremonious courtiers.

This Trojan scorns us, or the men of Troy Are ceremonious courtiers.

this trojan scorns us, or the men of troy are ceremonious courtiers.

this trojan scorns us, or the men of troy are ceremonious

AENEAS ≋ verse dialogue

Courtiers as free, as debonair, unarm’d,

As bending angels; that’s their fame in peace.

But when they would seem soldiers, they have galls,

Good arms, strong joints, true swords; and, Jove’s accord,

Nothing so full of heart. But peace, Aeneas,

Peace, Trojan; lay thy finger on thy lips.

The worthiness of praise distains his worth,

If that the prais’d himself bring the praise forth;

But what the repining enemy commends,

That breath fame blows; that praise, sole pure, transcends.

Courtiers as free, as debonair, unarm’d, As bending angels; that’s their fame in peace. But when they would seem soldiers, they have galls, Good arms, strong joints, true swords; and, Jove’s accord, Nothing so full of heart. But peace, Aeneas, Peace, Trojan; lay your finger on your lips. The worthiness of praise distains his worth, If that the prais’d himself bring the praise forth; But what the repining enemy commends, That breath fame blows; that praise, sole pure, transcends.

courtiers as free, as debonair, unarm’d, as bending angels; that’s their fame in peace. but when they would seem soldiers, they have galls, good arms, strong joints, true swords; and, jove’s accord, nothing so full of heart. but peace, aeneas, peace, trojan; lay your finger on your lips. the worthiness of praise distains his worth, if that the prais’d himself bring the praise forth; but what the repining enemy commends, that breath fame blows; that praise, sole pure, transcends.

courtiers as free, as debonair, unarm’d, as bending angels;

AGAMEMNON dialogue

Sir, you of Troy, call you yourself Aeneas?

Sir, you of Troy, call you yourself Aeneas?

sir, you of troy, call you yourself aeneas?

sir, you of troy, call you yourself aeneas?

AENEAS dialogue

Ay, Greek, that is my name.

Ay, Greek, that is my name.

ay, greek, that is my name.

ay, greek, that is my name.

AGAMEMNON dialogue

What’s your affairs, I pray you?

What’s your affairs, I pray you?

what’s your affairs, i pray you?

what’s your affairs, i pray you?

AENEAS ≋ verse dialogue

Sir, pardon; ’tis for Agamemnon’s ears.

AGAMEMNON

He hears naught privately that comes from Troy.

Sir, pardon; ’tis for Agamemnon’s ears. AGAMEMNON He hears naught privately that comes from Troy.

sir, pardon; ’tis for agamemnon’s ears. agamemnon he hears naught privately that comes from troy.

sir, pardon; ’tis for agamemnon’s ears. agamemnon he hears

AENEAS ≋ verse dialogue

Nor I from Troy come not to whisper with him;

I bring a trumpet to awake his ear,

To set his sense on the attentive bent,

And then to speak.

Nor I from Troy come not to whisper with him; I bring a trumpet to awake his ear, To set his sense on the attentive bent, And then to speak.

nor i from troy come not to whisper with him; i bring a trumpet to awake his ear, to set his sense on the attentive bent, and then to speak.

nor i from troy come not to whisper with him; i bring a

AGAMEMNON ≋ verse dialogue

Speak frankly as the wind;

It is not Agamemnon’s sleeping hour.

That thou shalt know, Trojan, he is awake,

He tells thee so himself.

Speak frankly as the wind; It is not Agamemnon’s sleeping hour. That you shall know, Trojan, he is awake, He tells you so himself.

speak frankly as the wind; it is not agamemnon’s sleeping hour. that you shall know, trojan, he is awake, he tells you so himself.

speak frankly as the wind; it is not agamemnon’s sleeping

AENEAS ≋ verse dialogue

Trumpet, blow loud,

Send thy brass voice through all these lazy tents;

And every Greek of mettle, let him know

What Troy means fairly shall be spoke aloud.

Trumpet, blow loud, Send your brass voice through all these lazy tents; And every Greek of mettle, let him know What Troy means fairly shall be spoke aloud.

trumpet, blow loud, send your brass voice through all these lazy tents; and every greek of mettle, let him know what troy means fairly shall be spoke aloud.

trumpet, blow loud, send your brass voice through all these

[_Sound trumpet_.]
We have, great Agamemnon, here in Troy
A prince called Hector—Priam is his father—
Who in this dull and long-continued truce
Is resty grown; he bade me take a trumpet
And to this purpose speak: Kings, princes, lords!
If there be one among the fair’st of Greece
That holds his honour higher than his ease,
That feeds his praise more than he fears his peril,
That knows his valour and knows not his fear,
That loves his mistress more than in confession
With truant vows to her own lips he loves,
And dare avow her beauty and her worth
In other arms than hers—to him this challenge.
Hector, in view of Trojans and of Greeks,
Shall make it good or do his best to do it:
He hath a lady wiser, fairer, truer,
Than ever Greek did couple in his arms;
And will tomorrow with his trumpet call
Mid-way between your tents and walls of Troy
To rouse a Grecian that is true in love.
If any come, Hector shall honour him;
If none, he’ll say in Troy, when he retires,
The Grecian dames are sunburnt and not worth
The splinter of a lance. Even so much.
AGAMEMNON ≋ verse dialogue

This shall be told our lovers, Lord Aeneas.

If none of them have soul in such a kind,

We left them all at home. But we are soldiers;

And may that soldier a mere recreant prove

That means not, hath not, or is not in love.

If then one is, or hath, or means to be,

That one meets Hector; if none else, I am he.

This shall be told our lovers, Lord Aeneas. If none of them have soul in such a kind, We left them all at home. But we are soldiers; And may that soldier a mere recreant prove That means not, has not, or is not in love. If then one is, or has, or means to be, That one meets Hector; if none else, I am he.

this shall be told our lovers, lord aeneas. if none of them have soul in such a kind, we left them all at home. but we are soldiers; and may that soldier a mere recreant prove that means not, has not, or is not in love. if then one is, or has, or means to be, that one meets hector; if none else, i'm he.

this shall be told our lovers, lord aeneas. if none of them

NESTOR ≋ verse dialogue

Tell him of Nestor, one that was a man

When Hector’s grandsire suck’d. He is old now;

But if there be not in our Grecian host

A noble man that hath one spark of fire

To answer for his love, tell him from me

I’ll hide my silver beard in a gold beaver,

And in my vambrace put this wither’d brawns,

And meeting him, will tell him that my lady

Was fairer than his grandam, and as chaste

As may be in the world. His youth in flood,

I’ll prove this troth with my three drops of blood.

Tell him of Nestor, one that was a man When Hector’s grandsire suck’d. He is old now; But if there be not in our Grecian host A noble man that has one spark of fire To answer for his love, tell him from me I’ll hide my silver beard in a gold beaver, And in my vambrace put this wither’d brawns, And meeting him, will tell him that my lady Was fairer than his grandam, and as chaste As may be in the world. His youth in flood, I’ll prove this troth with my three drops of blood.

tell him of nestor, one that was a man when hector’s grandsire suck’d. he is old now; but if there be not in our grecian host a noble man that has one spark of fire to answer for his love, tell him from me i’ll hide my silver beard in a gold beaver, and in my vambrace put this wither’d brawns, and meeting him, will tell him that my lady was fairer than his grandam, and as chaste as may be in the world. his youth in flood, i’ll prove this troth with my three drops of blood.

tell him of nestor, one that was a man when hector’s

AENEAS dialogue

Now heavens forfend such scarcity of youth!

Now heavens forfend such scarcity of youth!

now heavens forfend such scarcity of youth!

now heavens forfend such scarcity of youth!

ULYSSES dialogue

Amen.

Amen.

amen.

amen.

AGAMEMNON ≋ verse dialogue

Fair Lord Aeneas, let me touch your hand;

To our pavilion shall I lead you, sir.

Achilles shall have word of this intent;

So shall each lord of Greece, from tent to tent.

Yourself shall feast with us before you go,

And find the welcome of a noble foe.

Fair Lord Aeneas, let me touch your hand; To our pavilion shall I lead you, sir. Achilles shall have word of this intent; So shall each lord of Greece, from tent to tent. Yourself shall feast with us before you go, And find the welcome of a noble foe.

fair lord aeneas, let me touch your hand; to our pavilion shall i lead you, sir. achilles shall have word of this intent; so shall each lord of greece, from tent to tent. yourself shall feast with us before you go, and find the welcome of a noble foe.

fair lord aeneas, let me touch your hand; to our pavilion

[_Exeunt all but Ulysses and Nestor_.]
ULYSSES dialogue

Nestor!

Nestor!

nestor!

nestor!

NESTOR dialogue

What says Ulysses?

What says Ulysses?

what says ulysses?

what says ulysses?

ULYSSES ≋ verse dialogue

I have a young conception in my brain;

Be you my time to bring it to some shape.

I have a young conception in my brain; Be you my time to bring it to some shape.

i've a young conception in my brain; be you my time to bring it to some shape.

i've a young conception in my brain; be you my time to

NESTOR dialogue

What is’t?

What is’t?

what is’t?

what is’t?

ULYSSES ≋ verse dialogue

This ’tis:

Blunt wedges rive hard knots. The seeded pride

That hath to this maturity blown up

In rank Achilles must or now be cropp’d

Or, shedding, breed a nursery of like evil

To overbulk us all.

This ’tis: Blunt wedges rive hard knots. The seeded pride That has to this maturity blown up In rank Achilles must or now be cropp’d Or, shedding, breed a nursery of like evil To overbulk us all.

this ’tis: blunt wedges rive hard knots. the seeded pride that has to this maturity blown up in rank achilles must or now be cropp’d or, shedding, breed a nursery of like evil to overbulk us all.

this ’tis: blunt wedges rive hard knots. the seeded pride

NESTOR dialogue

Well, and how?

Well, and how?

well, and how?

well, and how?

ULYSSES ≋ verse dialogue

This challenge that the gallant Hector sends,

However it is spread in general name,

Relates in purpose only to Achilles.

This challenge that the gallant Hector sends, However it is spread in general name, Relates in purpose only to Achilles.

this challenge that the gallant hector sends, however it is spread in general name, relates in purpose only to achilles.

this challenge that the gallant hector sends, however it is

NESTOR ≋ verse dialogue

True. The purpose is perspicuous even as substance

Whose grossness little characters sum up;

And, in the publication, make no strain

But that Achilles, were his brain as barren

As banks of Libya—though, Apollo knows,

’Tis dry enough—will with great speed of judgement,

Ay, with celerity, find Hector’s purpose

Pointing on him.

True. The purpose is perspicuous even as substance Whose grossness little characters sum up; And, in the publication, make no strain But that Achilles, were his brain as barren As banks of Libya—though, Apollo knows, ’Tis dry enough—will with great speed of judgement, Ay, with celerity, find Hector’s purpose Pointing on him.

true. the purpose is perspicuous even as substance whose grossness little characters sum up; and, in the publication, make no strain but that achilles, were his brain as barren as banks of libya—though, apollo knows, ’tis dry enough—will with great speed of judgement, ay, with celerity, find hector’s purpose pointing on him.

true. the purpose is perspicuous even as substance whose

ULYSSES dialogue

And wake him to the answer, think you?

And wake him to the answer, think you?

and wake him to the answer, think you?

and wake him to the answer, think you?

NESTOR ≋ verse dialogue

Why, ’tis most meet. Who may you else oppose

That can from Hector bring those honours off,

If not Achilles? Though ’t be a sportful combat,

Yet in this trial much opinion dwells

For here the Trojans taste our dear’st repute

With their fin’st palate; and trust to me, Ulysses,

Our imputation shall be oddly pois’d

In this vile action; for the success,

Although particular, shall give a scantling

Of good or bad unto the general;

And in such indexes, although small pricks

To their subsequent volumes, there is seen

The baby figure of the giant mass

Of things to come at large. It is suppos’d

He that meets Hector issues from our choice;

And choice, being mutual act of all our souls,

Makes merit her election, and doth boil,

As ’twere from forth us all, a man distill’d

Out of our virtues; who miscarrying,

What heart receives from hence a conquering part,

To steel a strong opinion to themselves?

Which entertain’d, limbs are his instruments,

In no less working than are swords and bows

Directive by the limbs.

Why, ’tis most meet. Who may you else oppose That can from Hector bring those honours off, If not Achilles? Though ’t be a sportful combat, Yet in this trial much opinion dwells For here the Trojans taste our dear’st repute With their fin’st palate; and trust to me, Ulysses, Our imputation shall be oddly pois’d In this vile action; for the success, Although particular, shall give a scantling Of good or bad unto the general; And in such indexes, although small pricks To their subsequent volumes, there is seen The baby figure of the giant mass Of things to come at large. It is suppos’d He that meets Hector issues from our choice; And choice, being mutual act of all our souls, Makes merit her election, and does boil, As ’twere from forth us all, a man distill’d Out of our virtues; who miscarrying, What heart receives from hence a conquering part, To steel a strong opinion to themselves? Which entertain’d, limbs are his instruments, In no less working than are swords and bows Directive by the limbs.

why, ’tis most meet. who may you else oppose that can from hector bring those honours off, if not achilles? though ’t be a sportful combat, yet in this trial much opinion dwells for here the trojans taste our dear’st repute with their fin’st palate; and trust to me, ulysses, our imputation shall be oddly pois’d in this vile action; for the success, although particular, shall give a scantling of good or bad unto the general; and in such indexes, although small pricks to their subsequent volumes, there is seen the baby figure of the giant mass of things to come at large. it is suppos’d he that meets hector issues from our choice; and choice, being mutual act of all our souls, makes merit her election, and does boil, as ’twere from forth us all, a man distill’d out of our virtues; who miscarrying, what heart receives from hence a conquering part, to steel a strong opinion to themselves? which entertain’d, limbs are his instruments, in no less working than are swords and bows directive by the limbs.

why, ’tis most meet. who may you else oppose that can from

ULYSSES ≋ verse dialogue

Give pardon to my speech. Therefore ’tis meet

Achilles meet not Hector. Let us, like merchants,

First show foul wares, and think perchance they’ll sell;

If not, the lustre of the better shall exceed

By showing the worse first. Do not consent

That ever Hector and Achilles meet;

For both our honour and our shame in this

Are dogg’d with two strange followers.

Give pardon to my speech. Therefore ’tis meet Achilles meet not Hector. Let us, like merchants, First show foul wares, and think perchance they’ll sell; If not, the lustre of the better shall exceed By showing the worse first. Do not consent That ever Hector and Achilles meet; For both our honour and our shame in this Are dogg’d with two strange followers.

give pardon to my speech. therefore ’tis meet achilles meet not hector. let us, like merchants, first show foul wares, and think perchance they’ll sell; if not, the lustre of the better shall exceed by showing the worse first. do not consent that ever hector and achilles meet; for both our honour and our shame in this are dogg’d with two strange followers.

give pardon to my speech. therefore ’tis meet achilles meet

NESTOR dialogue

I see them not with my old eyes. What are they?

I see them not with my old eyes. What are they?

i see them not with my old eyes. what are they?

i see them not with my old eyes. what are they?

ULYSSES ≋ verse dialogue

What glory our Achilles shares from Hector,

Were he not proud, we all should share with him;

But he already is too insolent;

And it were better parch in Afric sun

Than in the pride and salt scorn of his eyes,

Should he scape Hector fair. If he were foil’d,

Why, then we do our main opinion crush

In taint of our best man. No, make a lott’ry;

And, by device, let blockish Ajax draw

The sort to fight with Hector. Among ourselves

Give him allowance for the better man;

For that will physic the great Myrmidon,

Who broils in loud applause, and make him fall

His crest, that prouder than blue Iris bends.

If the dull brainless Ajax come safe off,

We’ll dress him up in voices; if he fail,

Yet go we under our opinion still

That we have better men. But, hit or miss,

Our project’s life this shape of sense assumes—

Ajax employ’d plucks down Achilles’ plumes.

What glory our Achilles shares from Hector, Were he not proud, we all should share with him; But he already is too insolent; And it were better parch in Afric sun Than in the pride and salt scorn of his eyes, Should he scape Hector fair. If he were foil’d, Why, then we do our main opinion crush In taint of our best man. No, make a lott’ry; And, by device, let blockish Ajax draw The sort to fight with Hector. Among ourselves Give him allowance for the better man; For that will physic the great Myrmidon, Who broils in loud applause, and make him fall His crest, that prouder than blue Iris bends. If the dull brainless Ajax come safe off, We’ll dress him up in voices; if he fail, Yet go we under our opinion still That we have better men. But, hit or miss, Our project’s life this shape of sense assumes— Ajax employ’d plucks down Achilles’ plumes.

what glory our achilles shares from hector, were he not proud, we all should share with him; but he already is too insolent; and it were better parch in afric sun than in the pride and salt scorn of his eyes, should he scape hector fair. if he were foil’d, why, then we do our main opinion crush in taint of our best man. no, make a lott’ry; and, by device, let blockish ajax draw the sort to fight with hector. among ourselves give him allowance for the better man; for that will physic the great myrmidon, who broils in loud applause, and make him fall his crest, that prouder than blue iris bends. if the dull brainless ajax come safe off, we’ll dress him up in voices; if he fail, yet go we under our opinion still that we have better men. but, hit or miss, our project’s life this shape of sense assumes— ajax employ’d plucks down achilles’ plumes.

what glory our achilles shares from hector, were he not

Why it matters This is the plan that drives Acts 2 and 3: a rigged lottery, manipulation of Ajax's vanity, and a calculated insult to Achilles. Ulysses, who just gave a speech about the necessity of order and hierarchy, is now engineering their circumvention.
🎭 Dramatic irony Ulysses's scheme — rigging a lottery to humble Achilles by elevating Ajax — is a perfect act of manipulation by the man who just delivered the greatest speech about the necessity of order and hierarchy. The audience watching the degree speech should feel the irony land here.
NESTOR ≋ verse dialogue

Now, Ulysses, I begin to relish thy advice;

And I will give a taste thereof forthwith

To Agamemnon. Go we to him straight.

Two curs shall tame each other: pride alone

Must tarre the mastiffs on, as ’twere their bone.

Now, Ulysses, I begin to relish your advice; And I will give a taste thereof forthwith To Agamemnon. Go we to him straight. Two curs shall tame each other: pride alone Must tarre the mastiffs on, as ’twere their bone.

now, ulysses, i begin to relish your advice; and i will give a taste thereof forthwith to agamemnon. go we to him straight. two curs shall tame each other: pride alone must tarre the mastiffs on, as ’twere their bone.

now, ulysses, i begin to relish your advice; and i will

[_Exeunt_.]

The Reckoning

This is the play's philosophical center on the Greek side — Ulysses argues that all order, cosmic and social, depends on hierarchy, and that Achilles's refusal to fight is tearing that order apart. It's a magnificent speech with a deeply ironic subtext: Ulysses is about to use manipulation and a rigged lottery to work around the very hierarchy he's praising. The scene ends not with restored order but with a scheme. The greatest speech on order in Shakespeare is delivered by its cleverest subverter.

If this happened today…

A company has been failing a major project for seven years. The CEO gives a speech about organizational structure and why chains of command matter. The CTO agrees. Then the strategy officer reveals that their best engineer has been in his office watching Netflix and roasting everyone in group chats, and their second-best engineer has been copying him. Their plan: promote the dumb engineer to the project to humiliate the smart one back into working. It's a brilliant plan. It's also completely absurd.

Continue to 2.1 →